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Essay Outline: Similarities And Differences Between Friendship And Romantic Love
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I. Theories of friendship
The first section of the essay evaluates Aristotle’s theory of friendship individually and highlights four categories of theories and their implications (Perlman & Fehr, 1986).
A. Aristotle’s theory of friendship
B. Reinforcement theories
C. Exchange and equity theories
D. Cognitive consistency theories
E. Developmental theories
II. Theories of love
Although there are multiple theories of love, this essay only considers attraction, attachment, and the caregiving theory since they are modern and have more recent evidence (Onojighofia, 2020; Rieck, & Lundin, 2021).
A. Attraction theory
B. Attachment theory
C. Caregiving theory
III. Attributed and rules of friendship
This part of the essay focuses on the rules of friendships as explained by Bubas & Bratko(2008). Research highlights five major themes that individuals consider crucial. Each of the themes can be further broken down into individual attributes (Anderson & Fowers (2020).
A. Benevolence
B. Sociability
C. Appropriateness
D. Self-control
E. Self-directedness
IV. How friendships differ across the life cycle
This section analyses how friendship changes across childhood, puberty, adulthood, and old age, the four primary stages of an individual’s life. In this context, adulthood is the period between old age and puberty.
A. Childhood
B. Puberty
C. Adulthood
D. Old age
V. Types of love
This part expounds on the eight types of love and their characteristics. In this section, there is further analysis of the expected results of relationships built on each kind of love.
A. Nonlove
B. Liking
C. Infatuation
D. Empty love
E. Romantic love
F. Companionate love
G. Fatuous love
H. Consummate love
VI. Individual differences in love
This section evaluates how individuals perceive love based on their sex, personality, and cultural background (Swami, 2013; Heshmati et al., 2019). This categorization shows that these three factors explore individual differences in love.
A. Sex
B. Personality
C. Cultural background
VII. Comparison between friendship and love
This section analyses the differences and similarities between friendship and love. An area of focus is the perception of chemistry in friendship and love (Perlman & Fehr, 1986).
A. Chemistry
B. Differences
C. Similarities
References
Anderson, A., & Fowers, B. (2020). An exploratory study of friendship characteristics and their relations with hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(1), 260–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519861152
Bubas, G., & Bratko, D. (2008). Factor Analysis of Rules in Friendship: Relations with Personality Traits and Friendship Quality. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306167178_Factor_Analysis_of_Rules_in_Friendship_Relations_with_Personality_Traits_and_Friendship_Quality
Heshmati, S., Oravecz, Z., Pressman, S., Batchelder, W. H., Muth, C., & Vandekerckhove, J. (2019). What does it mean to feel loved: Cultural consensus and individual differences in felt love. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(1), 214–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517724600
Onojighofia, T. (2020). Towards a comprehensive theory of love: The quadruple theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 862. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00862
Perlman, D., & Fehr, B. (1986). Theories of Friendship: The Analysis of Interpersonal Attraction. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4880-4_2.
Regan, P. (2017). General Theories of Love. https://doi.org/:10.4135/9781483396934.N8
Rieck, G., & Lundin, J. (2021). Theories of Love. Kinesiology and Physical Education. https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/11701
Swami, V. (2013). Love at first sight?: Individual differences and the psychology of initial romantic attraction. Handbook Of Individual Differences, 747-772. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444343120.ch29.
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