SOLUTION: APA Reference & Style Guide | My Assignment Tutor

8Appendix: APA Reference & Style Guide This fact sheet provides a comprehensive beginner’s guide to entries in the APA referencingsystem. General rules for authors, dates and editions apply to all sources of informationincluding print, media and Internet sources. For more information on the APA style please visit:http://www.apastyle.org/index.asp1. Book(a) print(b) onlineUse the DOI if available;otherwise use the URL ofthe electronic book.(a) In-textBarrett and Roberts (2002, p. 4) find that the concept…..(a) Life ofReferencesBarrett, M., & Roberts, L. (2002). Working communication. Milton,Australia: John Wiley & Sons.(b) In-textSeveral levels of consciousness were found (Tart, 1997, p. 37).Sawyer (2010) found that the influence of peers was …(b) Life ofReferencesTart, C.T. (1997). States of consciousness. Retrieved fromhttp//www.netlibrary.net/Sawyer, A. (2010). Language socialization2. Website / webpageNo author, usesponsor or organisation ifpossible; otherwise startwith the title of the article.No page, use paragraphnumber (if no paragraphnumber, use the sectiontitle if possible after theauthor and date).No date of publication,use: n.d.No retrieval dates,unless the source materialmayIn-textHeaps (2009, para. 3) states that bias is …The latest study suggests that community based programmes havebeen successful• First citation (World Health Organisation [WHO], 2002, para. 11).• Later citations (WHO, 2002, para. 11)Prioritising tasks is a key strategy for managing time effectively (Timemanaging, 2009).List of ReferencesHeaps, S. (2009). Writing without bias. Retrieved fromhttp://www.writeexpress.com/bias.htmlWorld Health Organisation (WHO). (2010). Evidence-Based PublicHealth Initiatives. Retrieved fromhttp://www.who.org/positions/evidence_based.htmlTime managing. (2009). In Taming time. Retrieved fromhttp://www.tamingtime.org/articles/time-management/article-0097.htmlIf you have any doubts, copy the web address into your browser and check that it reaches thesource that you have referenced in your essay. If it does not, then you would have to find away to include your source as an appendix.3. Journal articles(a) Article in ajournal (print)(b) Article in anelectronic journal(Internet)(c) Article with theDOIWhen citing parts of asource, use page numbersonly for direct quotationsand when the paraphraseis crucial to the reader.Use the DOI when citingelectronic versions ofjournal articles. If no DOIis available, use the homepage URL for the articlepublisher – DO NOT CITETHE DATABASE.(a) In-textReid and Sand (1987) argue that …An earlier study (Reid & Sand, 1987) suggests that …(a) Life ofReferencesReid, J., & Sand, R. (1987). The wood and the grove. Journal ofMythology, 9(1), 23–34.(b) In-textHopkins (1998) found that….A survey of large Trans-National Corporations (Hopkins, 1998) foundthat…(b) Life ofReferencesHopkins, M. (1998). Corporate social responsibility around the world.Online Journal of Ethics, 2(2). Retrieved fromhttp://www.stthom.edu/Public/index.asp?Page_ID=3220(c) In-text(Quote)Nutrition is an “integral part of effective healing” (Leninger, 2002, p. 4).(c) Life ofReferencesLeninger, S.M. (2002). The role of nutrition in wound healing. CriticalCare Nursing Quarterly, 24(1), 13–21. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.6.884 9 See Page 5 of thisdocument for moreinformation on the DOI4. Chapter in anedited bookWrite an entry for theauthor of the chapter. Usethe date of publication ofthe edited book where youfound the information.For an electronic version,include either the DOI aswith an online book, or aretrieval statement plusthe URL as with a website.In-textStories are an essential aspect of therapy (Phillips, 1999, p. 14).Phillips (1999, p. 14) argued that …List of ReferencesPhillips, J. (1999). The psychodynamic narrative. In G. Roberts & J.Holmes (Eds.), Healing stories: Narrative in psychiatry andpsychotherapy (pp. 7–15). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.5. SecondaryreferenceTo acknowledge the workof one author that youhave found in the work ofanother. Record only thework that you haveactually seen in theReference List.In-textGombrich argues that both art and nature are needs of the mind(Gombrich, 1983, as cited inNorrington, 1989, p. 22).[Name the author of the idea (and date if known), and give author,date and page number of the book where you read it.]Use ‘quoted’ instead of ‘cited’ if the idea is directly quoted in yoursource.List of ReferencesNorrington, F.G. (1989). New aesthetics: Life in art. London: Faber &Faber.6. Governmentpublications(a) Governmentreports(b) Parliamentarypublications(c) AustralianBureau of Statistics(ABS)These may be cited bygiving the name of theministry or agency issuingthe publication or report.This is known as the‘corporate author’.When the author andpublisher are the same(e.g. with a corporateauthor), replace thepublisher(a) In-textThe Department’s report (Department of Defence, 2009) contained …(a) Life ofReferencesDepartment of Defence. (2009). The loss of HMAS Sydney II, Canberra,Australia: Author.(b) In-textA report by the House of Representatives Standing Committee onAboriginal & Torres Strait IslanderAffairs (2008) recommends…(b) Life ofReferencesHouse of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal & TorresStrait Islander Affairs. (2008).Open for business: Developing indigenous enterprises in Australia.Canberra,Australia: Parliament of Australia. Retrieved fromhttp://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/atsia/indigenousenterprises/report.htm(c) In-textIn Australia, statistics show that there can be both short and long termrisks from the consumption of alcohol (ABS, 2006).(c) Life ofReferencesAustralian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2006). Alcohol consumption inAustralia: A snapshot, 2004-05 (Cat. no. 4832.0.55.001). Retrieved fromhttp://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats7. Report(a) Named author(b) Unnamed authorUse organisational name(corporate author) if thereis no author.(a) In-textThe report (Balsum, 2000, p. 6) found that …(a) Life ofReferencesBalsum, S. (2000). Payment to Vietnam veterans: A summary.Canberra, Australia:Department of Veterans’ Affairs.(b) In-textThe Department’s report (DEST, 2005) contained …(b) Life ofReferencesDepartment of Education, Science and Training (DEST). (2005). SkillingAustralia:New direction for vocational education and training. Canberra,Australia: Author.8. Paper presentedat a conference,seminar(a) unpublished(b) published(a) In-textWilliams and Taji (1990, p. 14) believe …(a) Life ofReferencesWilliams, R.R., & Taji, A.M. (1990, June). Factors affecting vitrification —cytokinin and shoot growth. Paper presented at the InternationalCongress on Plant Cell and Organ Culture, Amsterdam, theNetherlands. 10 (b) In-textA combination of disciplinary and educational approaches is needed todeal with student plagiarism (McGowan, 2005, p. 139).McGowan (2005, p. 139) argues that …(b) Life ofReferencesMcGowan, U. (2005, December). Educational integrity: A strategicapproach to anti-plagiarism. In Proceedings of the 2nd EducationalIntegrity Conference. Newcastle, Australia: University of Newcastle.Retrieved fromhttp://www.newcastle.edu.au/conference/apeic/booklet/APEIC05proceeding.pdf9. Encyclopaedia /DictionaryIn-textA primary verb is one of the three verb types … (Chaulker & Weiner,2009, para. 7)Australia was one of the early adopters of the pop chart ratings(Williams, 2009)The tone of the poem is affected by the use of intervening words(“Tmesis”, n.d.) that cause ….List of ReferencesChaulker, S., & Weiner, E. (Eds.). (2009). The Oxford dictionary ofEnglish grammar. Retrieved fromwww.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.une.edu.au/views/SEARCH_RESULTS.html?y=10&q=verbs&category=t28&x=11&ssid=176555436&scope=book&time=0.305971972615943Williams, J. (Ed.). (2009). Encyclopedia of Australian rock and pop.Sydney, Australia: Methuen.Tmesis. (n.d.) In Oxford English Dictionary Online (12th ed.). Retrievedfromhttp://www.oed.com10. PersonalcommunicationInformation privatelyobtained e.g. personalconversation, interview,letter, lecture, email.A live lecture is treated aspersonal communication,but you must reference apodcast of a lecture.In-textDoubts were cast on the statistical methods used (P. Darnell, personalcommunication, May 3, 2009).In an email communication on 3 May 2008, Peter Darnell explained …List of References[Personal communications are not listed in the List of References.]11.Pamphlet/brochureCite the name of theorganisation. If none, thenuse the title of the work.In-textThe archives of the nation are available … (National Archives ofAustralia, 2008, p. 2).List of ReferencesNational Archives of Australia. (2008). Memories of a nation[Brochure]. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government. Retrievedfromhttp://www.naa.gov.au/images/memory-of-a-nation-flyer_tcm2-8401.pdf12. Datasets/Graphicrepresentations/Maps/ImagesGive information aboutthe type of source in thebrackets, e.g. table, graph,image, data set.In-textAs shown in Figure 1, the geo-strategic importance of East Germanyrainfall in …The number of first time voters in Australia in 2010 (see Figure 4) …The average rainfall in Armidale has been increasing (BOM, 2001, p.249)[Give source of the table or image immediately above the table. 11 In undergraduate workyou will rarely be asked toreproduce a table, figureor an image. If you do so,you must seek permissionfrom the originalauthor/source.More commonly you willjust refer to such a sourcelike you would any otherreference.Make sure you include asmuch information aspossible so that theoriginal can be retrievedeasily.Treat images/figures ortables as direct quotesand provide full citation inthe captionItalicise the heading ‘Figure’ and the number]Figure 1. East Germany borders in 1951. Reprinted from The Universityof New South Wales Library Map Collection website:http://www.lib.unsw.edu.au/maps/cia08/east_germany_sm_2008.gifList of ReferencesEast Germany [Map]. (2008). Retrieved fromhttp://www.lib.unsw.edu.au/maps/cia08/east_germany_sm_2008.gifCommonwealth Bureau of Meteorology (BOM). (2001). The climate ofAustralia [Data set]. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government, p.249.Gallup. (2010, August 31). Australian first-time voters [Graph].Retrieved from13. Works or art(photos, paintings,sculptures, etc.)Give information aboutthe type of source in thebrackets, e.g. painting,sculpture, installation, etc.Make sure you include asmuch information aspossible so that theoriginal can be retrievedeasily.In-textThe Thinker’s pose has been copied and parodied innumerable times(Rodin, 1902).The romantic aspects of the painting (Wyeth, 1948) are represented …List of ReferencesRodin, A. (1902). The thinker [Bronze and marble sculpture]. Paris,France: Musée Rodin.Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Painting]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.moma.org/explore/collection/index14. Newspaperarticle(a) Specified authorPrint newspaperOnline newspaper(b) UnspecifiedauthorGive the URL of the homepage(a) In-textTarget funding is not being met (Leech, 2002, p. 13).Leech (2002, p. 13) suggests that …(a) Life ofReferences(print & onlineexamples)Leech, G. (2002, September 19). Call for research shake-up. TheAustralian, p. 13.Leech, G. (2002, September 19). Call for research shake-up. TheAustralian. Retrieved from: http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au(b) In-textDebt levels have fallen (Computer industry, 1997, p. 3)…(b) Life ofReferencesComputer industry blamed. (1997, July 7). The Sydney Morning Herald,p. 3.15. Audio-visual(a) Film(b) DVD(c) CD-ROM(d) Television programs(e) TV show episodeIn text, refer to the titleand date of production.(a) In-textIn The third man (Korda & Wells, 1949) …(a) Life ofReferencesKorda, A. (Producer), & Wells, O. (Director). (1949). The third man[Motion picture]. Great Britain: RKO Films.(b) In-textAustralia’s geological history (Clarke, 1986) explored …(b) Life ofReferencesClarke, C. (Producer). (1986). Australia’s geological history [DVD].Sydney, Australia: Outback Films.(c) In-textFine tuning the vocal folds creates different voice qualities … (Reid,2004).(c) Life ofReferencesReid, N. (Producer). (2004). Phonetics: An interactive introduction [CDROM]. Armidale, Australia: University of New England.(d) In-textIn The future of work (2010) …(d) Life ofReferencesProductivity Association (Producer). (2010, November 26). The Futureof Work [Television broadcast]. Sydney, Australia: ABC Television.(e) In-textThe dialogue demonstrates the tension in the city’s projects (Simon &Johnson, 2002)….(e) Life ofReferencesSimon, D. (Writer), & Johnson, C. (Director). (2002). The detail[Television series episode]. 12 In D. Simon & E. Burns (Executive producers), The wire. New York, NY:HBO Time Warner.16.Podcasts/VodcastsReplace ‘audio podcast’with ‘video webcast’ forappropriate format.In-textCulture has always been perceived as a form of political ideology(Brown, 2010).Traumatic events are more common than we think (Jenkins, 2009).List of ReferencesBrown, A. (Producer). (2010, August 15). Nationalism: Lecture 1. [Audiopodcast]. In PAIS 998: Introduction to political ideology. Armidale,Australia: University of New England. Retrieved from:http://www.une.edu.auJenkins, R. (Producer). (2009, December 12). Overcoming trauma[Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/radionational17. MusicIndicate the medium.In text citations includeside and band or tracknumbers.In-textThe bassoon solo in Rite of spring (Stravinsky, 1975) …Plant’s vocals on ‘Going to California’ (Led Zeppelin, 1971) ….List of ReferencesStravinsky, I. (1975). Rite of spring [Music score]. London, England:Hansen House.Stravinsky, I. (1975). Rite of spring [Record]. [Recorded by The SydneySymphony Orchestra]. Sydney, Australia: ABC Records.Led Zeppelin. (1971). Going to California. On Led Zeppelin IV [CD]. NewYork, NY: Atlantic Records.18. Blogs,Discussion groups &WikisProvide a description ofthe message in thebrackets, e.g. web logpost, web log comment,discussion board, mailinglist.For blogs and listservs usethe author’s full name ifavailable, if only screenname available use thescreen name.A wiki is a collaborativereference work with noidentified author oreditor. You may be askedto contribute to a wiki inyour unit or to accesssome other wikis in yourdiscipline. Wikis aretreated as unpublishedmaterials and becausetheir content is reviewedconstantly you mustinclude the retrieval date.Please note thatWikipedia is not anappropriate academicsource, except when youare writing aboutWikipedia itself!In-textSome participants in the debate have expressed their concerns aboutsuch an approach(Shippey, 2008; KidA, 2008).List of ReferencesBlog:Shippey, T. (2008, January 31). The consequences of plagiarism [Weblog post]. Retrieved from http://www.academicthings.com/shippey/2008/01/the_conseq.phpBlog comment:KidA. (2008, February 5). Re: The consequences of plagiarism [Web logcomment]. Retrieved from http://www.academicthings.com/shippey/2008/01/the_conseq.phpDiscussion board:Anderson, J. (2010, December 17). Re: Academic culture [Online forumcomment]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.olt.une.edu/xypbyicy8876/discussions#345Video blog post (e.g. YouTube):Colebrook, C. (2008, April 8). How to organise your desktop [Video file].Retrieved fromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hja987KLXsWikis:Group 1. (n.d.). First week group project. In EDUX 887: Critical theoryand practice in education. Retrieved October 17, 2010 fromhttp://olt.une.edu.au/weblog/wiki.phpEpistemology. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2009 fromhttp://en.stswiki.org/index.php/Epistemology19. Software, VideoGamesIn-textThe sample data was analysed using SoftConnect (Version 3.1) and theresults are….. 13 Do not reference standardsoftware andprogramming languages,e.g. Microsoft Office orJava. Provide reference forspecialised software andprograms with limiteddistribution.In text, give the proper name of the software and version number.List of ReferencesSoftConnect (Version 3.1) [Computer Software]. San Jose, CA: DubbingSystems. Variations in authors, dates, editions & webaddress A. Single authorsWrite the author’ssurname only in-text.Initials are recorded in thelist of references.In-textThe idea of progress is much overrated (Addington, 1994, pp. 32–33).Addington (1994, pp. 32–33) states that …List of ReferencesAddington, H. (1994). Cultural cringe: A study of change. London, England:Routledge.B. Two authorsUse ‘and’ between authorsin your sentence precededby a comma, but an &(ampersand) preceded bya comma when inbrackets. Use an ‘&’preceded by a comma inthe List of References.In-textHunt and Lee (1992, p. 23) claim …Climate change remains controversial (Hunt & Lee, 1992, p. 23).List of ReferencesHunt, E., & Lee, L.J. (1992). Weather matters. Boston, MA: HarvardUniversity Press.C. Three to FiveauthorsName all authors in yourfirst reference, but use ‘etal.’ for all subsequentreferences.Use ‘and’ between authorsin your sentence precededby a comma, but an &(ampersand) when inbrackets preceded by acomma. Use an ‘&’preceded by a comma inthe List of References.In-textFirst Mention: MacKay, Clarke, Fleming, Collins, and Sue (2006)demonstrated…Subsequent Mentions: MacKay et al. (2006) found…List of ReferencesMacKay, I., Clarke, C., Fleming, M., Collins, M., & Sue, J. (2006). Food thefocus for our future. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.D. Six or moreauthorsCite only the firstauthor’s surname,followed by ‘et al’.Record all the authors’names in the List ofReferences. Use an ‘&’preceded by a commabefore the last name.In-textPeters et al. (1995) base their study on the economic model.This study is based on an economic model (Peters et al., 1995).List of ReferencesPeters, C., Suzuki, T., Corrigan, Y.T., Najar, P., Dudley, P., & Thomas, E.(1995).New economies for new times. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.E. Citing severalsources at onceIn text, authors’ namesare presented alphabetically and eachreference is separated bya semicolon (;).In-textPolicy makers argue that the connection between science and businessshould not be viewedcritically (Branscomb, 1997; Noble, 1993; Stokes, 1997).List of ReferencesBranscomb, I. (1997). Investing in innovation. New York, NY: Routledge.Noble, B. (1993). America by design. New York, NY: Knopf.Stokes, D. (1997). Pasteur’s quadrant. Washington, DC: BrookingsInstitution Press. 14 F. Multiple works bythe same authorUse a, b, c … todifferentiate betweenworks written in thesame year.In-textIn her first study, Sheldon (1996) supports the theory, but her two laterstudies (1999a, 1999b) modify this claim.List of ReferencesSheldon, S. (1996). Language Limits. London, England: Duckworth.Sheldon, S. (1999a). Morphemic resonance: A new dimension. DiscourseStudies, 23(4), 67–72.Sheldon, S. (1999b, Spring). Rules and tools. Journal of Semantics, 43, 23–45.G. Authors with thesame surname(a) Co-authors of awork(b) Separate worksIn text, where it isnecessary to distinguishone author from theother, use the authors’initials. Place after thesurname when inbrackets, and before thesurname when in thesentence.(a) In-textScollon and Scollon (2001) argue that …(a) Life ofReferencesScollon, R., & Scollon, S.W. (2001). Intercultural communication (2nd ed.).Oxford, England: Blackwell. Retrieved fromhttp://books.google.com.au/books?id=Sy81ZI4n214C&pg=PP1&dq=scollon+%26+scollon#v=onepage&q=&f=false(b) In-textA recent report (Jones, R.W., 1991) indicated … but D.J. Jones (1993) hasrefuted the findings.(b) Life ofReferencesJones, D.J. (1993). Review of social needs in the North West region. Lismore,Australia: FACS.Jones, R.W. (1991). Report to the CARE centre. Armidale, Australia: DOCS.H. Author unknownCite the name of theorganisation thatproduced the work(corporate author). Ifnone, then use the title ofthe work.DO NOT use the terms‘Anon.’ or ‘Anonymous’.In-textThe NSW Board of Studies (2006, p. 35) advocates an inclusive approach insyllabus design.Reducing friction is essential (“Pressure care”, 2000, p. 3).List of ReferencesNSW Board of Studies (2006). Syllabus development handbook. Sydney,Australia: Author. Retrieved fromhttp://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/manuals/pdf_doc/syl_dev_hbook.pdfPressure care. (2000). Perth, Australia: New Health Press.I. A work with nopublication date‘n.d.’ means ‘no date’.In-textShaw (n.d.) found that …One study (Shaw, n.d.) suggests …List of ReferencesShaw, O. (n.d.). Reflective learning. London, England: Faber.J. EditionIf a source is 2nd or lateredition, state the editionafter the title insidebrackets (xx ed.).In-textWriters need to consider … (Heffernan, Lincoln, & Atwill, 2001, p. 218)List of ReferencesHeffernan, J.A.W., Lincoln, E. J., & Atwill, J. (2001). Writing, a collegehandbook (5th ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton.K. The DOI SystemA DOI is a unique set ofnumbers assigned toidentify content andprovide a permanent linkto its location on theInternet. The DOI istypically located on thefirst page of the electronicarticle.Use this format for the DOI in references: doi:xxxxxxxFor more information on how to find a DOI, please visit the APA Style Guide blog entry on findingDOIs:http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/12/how-to-find-a-doi.htmlIf no DOI, use the home page URL for the electronic journal or book publisher.