How to Cite Sources Orally
Printed Sources with an Author
When presenting information by an author from a printed source (hardcopy) such as a book, newspaper, journal or magazine, or a printed source that is posted on the Internet through a library database, state the following:
author’s name (Dr. Harold Brown)
author’s qualifications (Professor of Genetics at Harvard University)
title of the article if from a newspaper, journal or magazine (this is optional)
title of the publication (New York Times)
date of the publication (August 22, 2006)
Printed Sources with a Corporate Author
When presenting information from a corporate author or organization (e.g., the Southern Poverty Law Center, UNESCO, etc.) from a printed source, or a printed source that has been posted on the Internet, state the following:
corporate author’s name (Anti-Defamation League)
title of the publication (Hate Crimes in America: Updated Report)
date of the publication (2004)
Printed Sources without an Author
When presenting information from a printed source that does not identify the author such as a newspaper or periodical article, state the following:
title of the article (“Sure Bets in Las Vegas”)
title of the periodical (Sunset magazine)
date of the publication (February 2006)
Web Based Sources
Presenting a source citation from a document posted on the web is similar to presenting a source citation from a printed source. If a web document identifies an author, state the following:
author’s name
author’s qualifications
title of the document (optional)
name of the website (i.e., say “UNESCO’s website”—not the URL, i.e., www.UNESCO.doc)
date of the document (if not provided, state the date you accessed the website)
If the document does not identify an author BE VERY CAREFUL because the information may not be reliable. However, most documents posted on the websites of credible organizations can be used for speeches even if they don’t identify a specific author. For such situations, state the following:
title of the document
name of the website (as per above)
date of the document (as per above)
Personal Interview
Interviews with experts are a great way to get relevant and current information on many speech topics. If you plan to interview someone, prepare your questions first. To cite an interviewee as a source during a speech, state the following:
name of the interviewee
interviewee’s qualifications
date of the interview
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