LITERATURE REVIEW: INFORMATION AND FIRST IMPRESSION Machado 1
Paper 1: Study One Literature Review
Literature Review: Information and First Impression
Roberto Machado
Florida International University
PSY 3215 RVGC 1215
Literature Review: Information and First Impression
Introduction
Today, society is based on online communications and interactions as most people embrace and use technology for communication. Therefore, they tend to miss vital minimal cues throughout the interactions, which could help them better understand all information from other people. Over time there have been numerous researches aiming to understand how the first impression works and its effects on people’s views about others. The first impression happens in different shapes, including meeting face to face through what one says. “Did you know that most of the things we learn about others are ambiguous and often not true since they are viewed in the light of things already known?” (Froese & Leavens, 2014). People are skilled at learning about other personal perceptions, and they use their brains to understand and judge others from what they see and hear about them. For instance, infants will always look at other people’s faces if they are friendly, as children learn quickly to understand people and their emotional perception. The ability for perception grows as adults can identify people’s perceptions based on their ability to navigate people’s social environment. Notably, learning to understand people is similar to learning about other objects within the environment, but the difference is that people can interact through communication while objects cannot interact.
Hypothesis:
H1: Through observations and interactions, people see what others aim to do
H2: Information importance order is perceived differently by different people based on how they judge others
H3: Children, as they grow, they tend to imitate others what they see through perceiving them to be right.
Literature review
According to Fourakis & Cone (2019), the information people get has a lot to say about the other person due to the ability of information to raise perception about people. Therefore, interactions are the baseline for gaining an understanding of other people. However, information order has different effects on people’s perception of what they hear and see (Fourakis & Cone, 2019). The most interesting paradigm that is used to understand information order effects on people. Information order changes people’s perception through evaluative conditioning (EC), which checks the frequencies through which an occurrence occurs. Fourakis & Cone (2019) detail that several theories help to detail the competing effect whether order effect happens implicitly. For instance, the single processing associations state that EC effects are gained through association models and are used to activate more processes for more information (Fourakis & Cone, 2019). Second, the single-processes propositional models show that EC processes are due to single ruled inferences. Such theories help show the factors that induce co-occurrences interpreted and understood depending on their repetitive nature. Still, Fourakis & Cone (2019) state that related information checks whether one occurrence will affect the other effects co-occurrence information. Thus, the article by Fourakis & Cone (2019) uses misattribution procedure (AMP), Evaluation primary task (EPT), and Implicit association test (IAT) to help understand the information order effects on the judgment. The three tests do not show a conclusive understanding for all the overall impressions other people form of another person when they add or subtract instances of certain behaviors (Fourakis & Cone, 2019). The research raises another concern that implicit evaluation is formed while responding to better information, for which when established it is challenging to reverse. Therefore, the research concludes that information and perception about the other person once internalized are challenging to reverse the process and think about a different person’s perception.
The study by Fourakis & Cone (2019) is explained through knowing the first face impression as detailed by Zebrowitz (2017). According to Zebrowitz (2017), there are numerous explanations for what think about when they look at one’s face. Research using people’s perception of the face shows that people identify warmth, trustworthiness, and dominance through viewing one’s face (Zebrowitz, 2017). Before verbal communications commence, people view other people’s faces and immediately perceive what they see based on face judgment. Facial metrics done by both computer and human mind explanations show that childlike impression and baby face characters all show low power, low competence and make one look more babyish (Zebrowitz, 2017). The following factors are ideal in identifying judgments about impression perceptions. First, the fitness cues are explained by evolutionary psychologists as symmetric, sex-linked features and age groups as the youths are considered more fit (Zebrowitz, 2017). A similar assertion is seen on emotional resemblance as there are different people as both the conversation and one’s body image formulates the perception of one’s characters. Voice tone, together with face shapes, show the different perceptions of what people think about others. However, Zebrowitz (2017) states that people always overgeneralize information about other people, which can significantly produce a different impression about other people, affecting the whole perception process.
The effect of information perception is that it can consider whether one will imitate the other person (Froese & Leavens, 2014). As imitation is a learning response to social convention, it is gained through the perception of information order. The primary perception that people see what they do and do not interfere with motion is applied in such a case as there are numerous ways through which imitation is upheld. Froese & Leavens (2014) details that psychological perceptions are used to show the relationship between the theory of mind and what people perceive today. Through perceiving vital information in conversations, people can imitate such information to the extent of how the information is said in conversation (Froese & Leavens, 2014). However, it is vital to note that children will always imitate information, not considering the essence of such information and even not caring about the person’s aims in giving out information (Froese & Leavens, 2014). Therefore, considering the importance of information through order is not applicable in children as they do not have enough mental capacity to consider different agencies and important information. Such findings show that as one grows (adults), they can know to comprehend information order and decide which one is agent and important (Froese & Leavens, 2014). Froese & Leavens (2014)state that humans are cultural animals, and they are uncultured to information perception as they grow, thus determining what they understand about such information. Hence, age is vital in considering the orders of information in terms of importance and agency.
Similarly, the study by Sullivan (2018) states that the primary effect of perception is that it evolves from pragmatic communication intentions, which rely on the assumption that communication moves with the most vital information first, then moving to other information. Sullivan (2018) gives an example of “fun, witty, and vicious” and considers it as different and favorable from “vicious, witty, and fun.” (Sullivan 2018) formulates a study to understand the primacy effects of information impression. The study by Sullivan ( 2018) uses the speaking adults recruited through Mechanical Turk to understand perception through human trials and computer trials. The study uses the hypothesis that humans have no brain, but computers do have brains. The result of the study shows that there was no perception effect on the speaker’s valance and the interaction. The discussions of the study results show that listeners assume that it is the cooperative communicators who place an order to their information, thus prioritizing the most relevant information first followed by the least vital information (Sullivan, 2018). The participants also showed that the intentional humans ordered the information to be vital as it appeared through the order for which people speak (Sullivan, 2018). Generally, the total study sample showed little support for the main result and for better formation, and there was zero evidence for the pragmatic explanations.
The study is supported by the encounter-based impression, which states that behaviors and information draw other people’s perceptions about others through information they give out. Quadflieg & Westmoreland, (2019) detail that impression is the final category of characteristics that individual shows say more about themselves. In the same manners the first impression on what people think when they hear or see other people is considered as a vital issue in determining what they perceive as important, which they are more likely to imitate; therefore, a person level and neuroticism is determined through understating judging other people based on what they see and hear (Quadflieg & Westmoreland, 2019). Therefore, encountered-based impressions are biased since they depend on what others decide to speak and act. However, it is vital to note that repetitive analysis of the information one gives and behaviors shows is when psychologists can make the right judgments about such information.
Conclusion
Over time there have been numerous researches aiming to understand how the first impression works and its effects on people’s views about others. Despite the challenging natures of different researchers to understand information perception, it is vital to note that psychologists have made strides to get to the bottom of how people perceive others through first impressions and the information they receive. The literature review supports my hypothesis HI, H2, H3 by detailing that first child to imitate all information and behavior regardless of the information’s importance and the person giving information. The second hypothesis also supports my hypothesis as the tests do not show a conclusive understanding of other people’s overall impressions of another person when they add or subtract certain behaviors. Therefore, it all depends on one’s assertions regarding the types of information that one would consider as vital and not necessarily the firsts information is considered vital. Information sequence is not the determinant of importance. Besides, the notion of important information for children is not supported by any cases as children do not have the mental capacity to determine such aspects. H3 is supported as perception shows that as children grow to understand the importance of information seen by older people when they try to place information in importance order. Therefore, the research will help educate the people to understand how to consider information importance orders and understand their first impression on people through verbal and body cues.
References
Fourakis, E., & Cone, J. (2019). Matters Order: The Role of Information Order on Implicit Impression Formation. Social Psychological And Personality Science, 11(1), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619843930
Froese, T., & Leavens, D. (2014). The direct perception hypothesis: perceiving the intention of another’s action hinders its precise imitation. Frontiers In Psychology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00065
Quadflieg, S., & Westmoreland, K. (2019). Making Sense of Other People’s Encounters: Towards an Integrative Model of Relational Impression Formation. Journal Of Nonverbal Behavior, 43(2), 233-256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-019-00295-1
Sullivan, J. (2018). The Primacy Effect in Impression Formation: Some Replications and Extensions. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(4), 432-439. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618771003
Zebrowitz, L. (2017). First Impressions from Faces. Current Directions In Psychological Science, 26(3), 237-242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416683996
The post LITERATURE REVIEW: INFORMATION AND FIRST IMPRESSION Machado 1 Paper 1: Study One appeared first on PapersSpot.