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Code of Ethics: Dreams, Gifts, and Knowledge
[Name]
[Student Number]
HIST-2510-001: History of the Indigenous Peoples of Canada to 1815
Dr. Ryan Eyford
Word Count: [Add your word count here]
December 8, 2021
Begin typing your introductory paragraph here. In your introduction, be sure to avoid global statements such as ‘throughout history’ or ‘from the beginning of time.’ Be more specific to the time period that you are discussing. Introduce the primary source to your readers. Imagine someone who has not seen the primary source, and doesn’t know anything about the period of time or people it relates to. Your thesis statement, which in this case is your assessment of the primary source’s significance, should be placed at the end of the introductory paragraph. While it is generally acceptable to use the first person in academic writing (i.e., ‘I’), it is often unnecessary and simply makes the prose cluttered. For example, instead of saying ‘I think this document is significant because…,’ say ‘This document is significant because…’
Remember to always indent the first line of each paragraph as shown here (Hint: press ‘Tab’ once). Do not leave extra spaces at the beginning of the essay or between paragraphs. A good paragraph has a clear topic sentence that indicates the contents of that paragraph, as well as two or three points of support. Never begin a paragraph with a quotation. It should be possible to follow the line of argument of an essay by reading the topic sentences of each paragraph. Your explication of the context, content, and significance should be in separate paragraphs. You may have more than one paragraph for each of these three analytical elements.
With respect to formatting, do not repeat the title of your essay on the first page. Do not add headers. Do not use sub-headings to indicate different sections in the essay; your topic sentences and transitional sentences (the last sentence in each paragraph) should do this work. For citations, use Chicago (Notes & Bibliography) style. I’ve included an example of a footnote in Chicago Style for the assigned primary source. In Chicago Style, it is only necessary to provide the full reference once. Here is an example of how to do a short-form Chicago style footnote for the assigned primary source. One of the most important aspects of Chicago style notes is providing the specific page numbers. Unless you are referring to a book or article as a whole, it is necessary to provide the specific page(s) that the information you are quoting or paraphrasing came from. Please note that in footnotes the author’s first name appears first, and the titles of books, dictionaries, encyclopedias (including their online versions), journals (e.g., Ethnohistory) are listed in italics. To insert a footnote in Microsoft Word, go to References > Insert Footnote or Insert > Footnote (depending on which version of Word you use). After you provide the full reference once, you can use a short-form citation. Bibliography entries are formatted slightly differently. They are organized alphabetically by last name. The bibliography should always be on a separate page (see below). I have included some relevant secondary sources for this essay in the bibliography below.
For this essay, you can use OurVoices.ca as a source. This is the website for the Omushkego Oral History Project, undertaken by Louis Bird and several University of Winnipeg faculty members. The site also includes a biography of Louis Bird. Here is an example of a footnote citation for the website. I very much encourage you to listen to the stories in Cree and in English. The Canadian Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Canadian Biography will not be much help for this essay. I recommend instead the Handbook of North American Indians entry on the “West Main Cree.” I’ve included a few other relevant secondary sources in the bibliography below. All of the materials listed are available through the University of Winnipeg Library, some as ebooks and others only as print materials.
Your essay should also have an effective conclusion that restates the main argument and your key points of support. Remember to edit your essay for content and proofread it for errors or grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Delete these instructional paragraphs from the template before handing in your essay.
Bibliography
Primary Source
Bird, Louis. The Spirit Lives in the Mind: Omushkego Stories, Lives and Dreams. Montreal-Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2007.
Secondary Source
Bird, Louis, Jennifer S.H. Brown, Anne Lindsay, Paul W. DePasquale, Roland Bohr, Donna G. Sutherland, and Mark F Ruml. Telling Our Stories: Omushkego Legends and Histories from Hudson Bay. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2005.
Brown, Jennifer S.H. and Robert Brightman. The Orders of the Dreamed: George Nelson on Cree and Northern Ojibwa Religion and Myth, 1823. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1988.
Brown, Jennifer S.H. “Rupert’s Land, Nituskeenan, Our Land: Cree and English Naming and Claiming around the Dirty Sea.” in Theodore Binnema and Susan Neylan, eds., New Histories for Old: Changing Perspectives on Canada’s Native Pasts. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2007.
Honigmann, John J. “West Main Cree,” in June Helm, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6: Subarctic. Washington: Smithsonian Institute, 1981.
Lytwyn, Victor. Muskekowuck Athinuwick: Original People of the Great Swampy Land. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2002.
Website
Omushkego Oral History Project. University of Winnipeg https://www.ourvoices.ca/index (accessed November 25, 2021)
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