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The DIM-ICE Meta-model
The table below shows the nature of the DIM-ICE model for crowd risk analysis. We include a sample of the generic elements for each of the indices – typically, this matrix would be systematically evaluated for each event. Note: please use colours when you are preparing your DIM-ICE model to illustrate the areas for improvement/concern.
Normal
Ingress
Circulation
Egress
Design
Barriers, modes of transport, arrival profiles, flow calculations, capacity
Barriers, facilities, toilets, shelter
Way finding, route planning, barriers and flow calculations
Information
Signage and communications systems, media and information flyers
Signage and PA systems, Stage announcements
Signage: is it clear, visible, multi-lingual, in the right place pointing to the appropriate exits?
Management
Stewarding and marshalling the crowds along the approach routes and into the event viewing areas
Stewarding between facilities
Stewarding and policing strategies for egress, transportation Queueing management
Emergency
Ingress
Circulation
Egress
Design
Removal of key barriers, facilitate maximum egress capacity
Capacity and flow rates, turning the crowd’s direction, route analysis
Location of threat and direction of normal flow may have conflicts
Information
Communications for different types and locations of threats.
How to get the crowd to START to move, Egress directions for specific threats
Communication with the crowd during egress for a potential off-site threat, PA systems, signage
Management
Stewarding and marshalling the crowds to safety, reversing ingress flow and behaviour
Stopping the event, marshalling the crowd, management processes.
Marshalling at end of event is typically in “stand-down” mode – emergency at this time needs consideration
Use a matrix as a checklist to ensure that, for example, the design works for ingress and (in the event of an emergency that may require evacuation ALSO works for emergency egress).
Colour the table (red, orange, green) to highlight specific risks, this helps draw the reader’s attention to the key elements of the event plan.
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