Alexander, B. 2013. Design of a Socio-technical Change Management Process: A Critical Realist Perspective.

Apostolopoulos, Yiorgos, Yorghos Apostolopoulos, and Dennis John Gayle, eds. Island tourism and sustainable development: Caribbean, Pacific, and Mediterranean experiences. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002.

Archer, B. H. 1972. The primary and secondary beneficiaries of tourist spending. The Tourist Review, 27(2), 42-45.

Armstrong, H., and Robert R. “Comparing the economic performance of dependent territories and sovereign microstates.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 48, no. 2 (2000): 285-306.

Armstrong, H, and Robert R. “Geographical ‘handicaps’ and small states: Some implications for the Pacific from a global perspective.” Asia Pacific Viewpoint 47, no. 1 (2006): 79-92.

Armstrong, Harvey, R. Jouan De Kervenoael, Xiaming L, and Robert R. “A comparison of the economic performance of different micro-states, and between micro-states and larger countries.” World Development 26, no. 4 (1998): 639-656.

Ashe, John W. “Tourism investment as a tool for development and poverty reduction.” The experience in Small Island Developing States(SIDS) (2005).

Auty, R.M., 2017. Natural resources and small island economies: Mauritius and Tobago. The Journal of Development Studies, 53(2), pp.264-277.

Bache, Ian, Ian Bartle, and Matthew Flinders. “Multi-level governance.” In Handbook on theories of governance. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016.

Baldacchino, Godfrey. “An exceptional success: The case of an export-oriented, locally-owned, small-scale manufacturing firm in a small island country.” (2000).

Baldacchino, Godfrey. “Autonomous but not sovereign?: a review of island sub-nationalism.” (2004).

Baldacchino, Godfrey. “Islands—objects of representation.” Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 87, no. 4 (2005): 247-251.

Baldacchino, Godfrey. “The challenge of hypothermia a six-proposition manifesto for small Island territories.” The Round Table 89, no. 353 (2000): 65-79.

Baldacchino, Godfrey. “The contribution of ‘social capital’to economic growth: Lessons from island jurisdictions.” The Round Table 94, no. 378 (2005): 31-46.

Bartolini, Stefano. Restructuring Europe: Center formation, system building, and political structuring between the nation state and the European Union . OUP Oxford, 2005.

Baum, Tom. “The fascination of islands: a tourist perspective.” Island tourism: Trends and prospects (1997): 21-35.

Beller, W.P.,d’Ayala, P. and Heini, P. sustainable development and Environmental management of small Islands. Man and Biosphere Series, Vol. 5. UNESCO Paris. (1990)

Berno, T. “Local control and the sustainability of tourism in the Cook Islands.” Pacific island tourism (2003): 94-109.

Bhaduri, Amit, Anjan Mukherji, and Ramprasad Sengupta. “Problems of long-term growth in small economies: a theoretical analysis.” Problems and Policies in Small Economies, Beckenham: Croom Helm for the Commonwealth Secretariat (1982): 49-68.

Boxill, Ian, and Francis O. Severin. “An exploratory study of tourism development and its impact on the Caribs of Dominica.” International journal of hospitality & tourism administration 5, no. 1 (2004): 1-27.

Boxill, Ian, and Francis O. Severin. “An exploratory study of tourism development and its impact on the Caribs of Dominica.” International journal of hospitality & tourism administration 5, no. 1 (2004): 1-27.

Boxill, Ian. “Towards an alternative tourism for Jamaica.” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management (2004).

Briguglio, Lino, and Marie Briguglio. “Sustainable tourism in small islands.” The Case of Malta (1996): 1-3.

Briguglio, Lino. “Small island developing states and their economic vulnerabilities.” World development 23, no. 9 (1995): 1615-1632.

Briguglio, Lino. Economic vulnerability and resilience: concepts and measurements. University of Malta. Islands and Small States Institute & The Commonwealth Secretariat, 2004.

Briguglio, Lino. Sustainable tourism in islands and small states. 1996.

Britton, Stephen G. “The political economy of tourism in the Third World.” Annals of tourism research 9, no. 3 (1982): 331-358.

Brohman, John. “New directions in tourism for third world development.” Annals of tourism research 23, no. 1 (1996): 48-70.

Butler, Richard W. “Tourism development in small islands: past influences and future directions.” In The development process in small island states, pp. 87-107. Routledge, 2002.

Campling, Liam, and Michel Rosalie. “Sustaining social development in a small island developing state? The case of Seychelles.” Sustainable Development 14, no. 2 (2006): 115-125.

Campling, Liam. “A critical political economy of the small island developing states concept: South–south cooperation for island citizens?.” Journal of Developing Societies 22, no. 3 (2006): 235-285.

Capon, C., and Disbury, A. (2003). Understanding organisational context: Inside and outside organisations. London: Financial Times/Prentice-Hall.

Charles, Mary Eugenia. A future for small states: Overcoming vulnerability. Commonwealth Secretariat, 1997.

Choi, HwanSuk Chris, and Ercan Sirakaya. “Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism.” Tourism management 27, no. 6 (2006): 1274-1289.

Commonwealth Secreatariat. Small states. Economic Review and Statistics, Annual Series. Vol. 22. Commonwealth secreatariat, London. (1996)

Cook, R. A., Yale, L. J., & Marqua, J. J. (2010). Tourism: The business of travel (4th ed.). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company

Croes, Robertico R. “A paradigm shift to a new strategy for small island economies: Embracing demand side economics for value enhancement and long term economic stability.” Tourism Management 27, no. 3 (2006): 453-465.

Danermark, B. 2002. Explaining Society: Critical Realism in the Social Sciences. Routledge.

Dębski, M. and Nasierowski, W., 2017. Criteria for the selection of tourism destinations by students from different countries. Foundations of Management, 9(1), pp.317-330.

Elazar, Daniel J. Exploring federalism. University of Alabama Press, 1987.

Enriquez, Elaine, and Miguel Angel Centeno. “State capacity: utilization, durability, and the role of wealth vs. history.” International and multidisciplinary journal of social sciences 1, no. 2 (2012): 130-162.

Forbes.com, 2018.Top 6 Digital Transformation Trends in Hospitality and Tourism.Forbes. Viewed on 23 July, 2021 from:

Forbes.com, 2020. Future Travel Trends Influenced By New Technology.Forbes. Viewed on 19 July, 2021 from:

Frendo H. “The legacy of Colonialism: the experience of Malta and Cyprus. In The Development process in Small Island States, D Lockhart, D Drakais-Smith, J Schembri (eds). Routledge: London 151-160. (1993)

Ghai, Yash. “ETH N| CITY AND AUTO NO MY: A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYS| S.” Autonomy and ethnicity: Negotiating competing claims in multi-ethnic states (2000): 1.

Ginindza, S. and Tichaawa, T.M., 2019. The impact of sharing accommodation on the hotel occupancy rate in the kingdom of Swaziland. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(16), pp.1975-1991.

Gogoi, D. and Jyoti, B., 2020. Service quality measures: How it impacts customer satisfaction and loyalty. International Journal of Management (IJM), 11(3), pp.354-365.

Gössling, Stefan. Tourism and development in tropical islands: political ecology perspectives. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2003.

Hannum, Hurst, and Richard B. Lillich. “The concept of autonomy in international law.” American Journal of International Law 74, no. 4 (1980): 858-889.

Harrison, David. “Islands, image and tourism.” Tourism Recreation Research 26, no. 3 (2001): 9-14.

Harrison, David. “Tourism: is small beautiful?.” Tourism Recreation Research 36, no. 2 (2011): 181-185.

Hepburn, Eve. “A comparative analysis of island region autonomy.” In Canadian Political Science Association Conference. Montreal, Québec. 2010

Holmes, F. “Development problems of small countries.” Co-operation and Development in the Asia Pacific Region: Relations Between Large and Small Countries, Tokyo: Japan Research Center (1976): 43-66.

Hooghe, Liesbet, and Gary Marks. “Types of multi-level governance.” European integration online papers (EIoP) 5, no. 11 (2001).

Hoti, Suhejla, Michael McAleer, and Riaz Shareef. “Modelling country risk and uncertainty in small island tourism economies.” Tourism Economics 11, no. 2 (2005): 159-183.

Jeffery, Charlie, ed. The regional dimension of the European Union: Towards a third level in Europe?. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis US, 1997.

Kalloo, R.C., Mitchell, B. and Kamalodeen, V.J., 2020. Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in Tobago: challenges and opportunities for teacher education. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), pp.452-462.

Kaur, G., 2017. The importance of digital marketing in the tourism industry. International Journal of Research-Granthaalayah, 5(6), pp.72-77.

Keating, Michael James. State and regional nationalism: territorial politics and the European state. Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1988.

Keating, Michael. Plurinational democracy: stateless nations in a post-sovereignty era. Oxford University Press on Demand, 2001.

King, R. “The geographical fascination of islands in Lockhart DG, Drakakis-Smith D and Schembri J eds The development process in small island states.” (1993): 13-27.

Lapidoth, Ruth. Autonomy: Flexible solutions to ethnic conflicts. US Institute of Peace Press, 1997.

Laws, Eric. Tourist destination management: issues, analysis and policies. Routledge, 1995.

Lim, Charles C., and Chris Cooper. “Beyond sustainability: optimising island tourism development.” International journal of tourism research 11, no. 1 (2009): 89-103.

Lockhart, Douglas G. “Islands and tourism: an overview.” Island tourism: Trends and prospects (1997): 3-20.

MacCormick, Neil. Questioning sovereignty: law, state, and nation in the European Commonwealth. Vol. 117. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Major, Brain. Trinidad Dissolves Tourism Development Agency. Accessed at https://www.travelpulse.com/news/destinations/trinidad-dissolves-tourism-development-agency.html om July 18

Malik, S., 2018. Importance of training and development in tourism industry. International Refereed Journal of Reviews and Research, 6, pp.11-19.

Mandle, Jay. Persistent underdevelopment: Change and economic modernization in the West Indies. Routledge, 2010.

McElroy, Jerome L. “Small island tourist economies across the life cycle.” Asia Pacific Viewpoint 47, no. 1 (2006): 61-77.

McElroy, Jerome L. “Tourism development in small islands across the world.” Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 85, no. 4 (2003): 231-242.

McElroy, Jerome L., and Klaus de Albuquerque. “Problems for managing sustainable tourism in small islands.” Island tourism and sustainable development: Caribbean, Pacific, and Mediterranean experiences (2002): 15-31.

McLeod, M., Chambers, D. and Airey, D, 2018. A comparative analysis of tourism policy networks. Tourism Management in Warm-water Island Destinations, 6, p.77.

Mills, G.E., 2019. Privatisation in Jamaica, Tobago. In Privatisation in developing countries (pp. 378-402). Routledge. Abingdon UK

Milne, Simon. “Tourism, dependency and South Pacific microstates: Beyond the vicious cycle.” Island tourism: Trends and prospects (1997): 281-301.

Mitton, Todd. “The wealth of subnations: Geography, institutions, and within-country development.” Journal of Development Economics 118 (2016): 88-111.

Mouzelis, Nicos. “The state in late development: historical and comparative perspectives.” D. Booth (ed.) (1994): 126-151.

Murray, Warwick E. “Neoliberal Globalisation,“Exotic” Agro‐exports, and Local Change in the Pacific Islands: A Study of the Fijian Kava Sector.” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 21, no. 3 (2000): 355-373.

Olausson, Pär. “Autonomy and islands: A global study of the factors that determine island autonomy.” (2008).

Percival, T., Edwards, J., Barclay, S., Sa, B. and Majumder, M.A.A., 2019. Early childhood caries in 3 to 5 year old children in Tobago. Dentistry journal, 7(1), p.16.

Poirine, Bernard. “Should we hate or love MIRAB?.” The Contemporary Pacific (1998): 65-105.

Potter, Robert B. “Basic needs and development in the small island states of the Eastern Caribbean.” In The development process in small island states, pp. 108-132. Routledge, 2002.

Prayitno, G., Sari, N. and Putri, I.K., 2019. Social capital in poverty alleviation through pro-poor tourism concept in slum area (case study: kelurahanjodipan, malang city). International Journal of GEOMATE, 16(55), pp.131-137.

Raduescu, C & Vessey, I. 2009. Methodology in Critical Realist Research: The Mediating Role of Domain Specific Theory.. 15th Americas Conference on Information Systems 2009, AMCIS 2009. 6. 433.

Roe, Dilys, Caroline Ashley, Sheila Page, and Dorothea Meyer. “Tourism and the poor analysing and interpreting tourism statistics from a poverty perspective.” (2004).

Rothchild, Donald, and Caroline A. Hartzell. “Security in deeply divided societies: The role of territorial autonomy.” Nationalism and ethnic politics 5, no. 3-4 (1999): 254-271.

Scheyvens, Regina, and Janet H. Momsen. “Tourism and poverty reduction: Issues for small island states.” Tourism geographies 10, no. 1 (2008): 22-41.

Scheyvens, Regina, and Janet Momsen. “Tourism in small island states: From vulnerability to strengths.” Journal of sustainable tourism 16, no. 5 (2008): 491-510.

Selwyn, Percy. “Industrial development in peripheral small countries.” In Development policy in small countries, pp. 79-106. Routledge, 2014.

Sharpley, Richard, and Miraji Ussi. “Tourism and governance in small island developing states (SIDS): The case of Zanzibar.” International Journal of Tourism Research 16, no. 1 (2014): 87-96.

Snyder, Richard. “Scaling down: The subnational comparative method.” Studies in comparative international development 36, no. 1 (2001): 93-110.

Soifer, Hillel, and Matthias Vom Hau. “Unpacking the strength of the state: The utility of state infrastructural power.” Studies in Comparative International Development 43, no. 3 (2008): 219-230.

Soifer, Hillel. “State infrastructural power: Approaches to conceptualization and measurement.” Studies in Comparative International Development 43, no. 3-4 (2008): 231.

Sr, Manuel Vanegas, and Robertico R. Croes. “Growth, development and tourism in a small economy: Evidence from Aruba.” International Journal of Tourism Research 5, no. 5 (2003): 315-330.

Statista.com (2021).Competitiveness index of Tobago from 2008 to 2019.statista. Viewed on 19 July, 2021 from:

Statista.com (2021).Total population of Tobago from 2010 to 2019, by age group.statista. Viewed on 19 July, 2021 from:

Statista.com 2021.Tobago: Gross domestic product (GDP) in current prices from 1986 to 2026.statista. Viewed on 19 July, 2021 from:

Statista.com, 2021 Losses in the contribution of travel and tourism to the gross domestic product in the Caribbean due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, by scenario.statista. Viewed on 19 July, 2021 from:

Statista.com, 2021. Internal consumption of travel and tourism in Trinidad and Tobago from 2010 to 2019, statista. Viewed on 23 July, 2021 from:

Statista.com, 2021.Investment in travel and tourism in selected countries in the Caribbean in 2017,statista.Viewed on 23 July, 2021 from:

Sybblis, Martin, and Miguel Centeno. “Sub-nationalism.” (2017): 799-807.

Tang, B., Bodkyn, C., Gupta, S. and Denburg, A., 2020. Access to WHO essential medicines for childhood cancer care in Tobago: a health system analysis of barriers and enablers. JCO global oncology, 6, pp.67-79.

Telfer, David J., and Richard Sharpley. Tourism and development in the developing world. Routledge, 2015.

Thomas, Ian. “The industrialisation experience of small economies.” Problems and Policies in Small Economies, Beckenham: Croom Helm (1982): 103-24.

TorabiFarsani, N., Zeinali, H. and Moaiednia, M., 2018. Food heritage and promoting herbal medicine-based niche tourism in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 13(1), pp.77-87.

Twining-Ward, Louise, and Richard Butler. “Implementing STD on a small island: Development and use of sustainable tourism development indicators in Samoa.” Journal of sustainable tourism 10, no. 5 (2002): 363-387.

Warrington, Edward, and David Milne. “Governance.” The Routledge international handbook of island studies (2018): 173-201.

Watts, Ronald L. “Islands in comparative constitutional perspective.” In Lessons from the political economy of small islands, pp. 17-37. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2000.

Weaver, David Bruce. “Core–periphery relationships and the sustainability paradox of small island tourism.” Tourism Recreation Research 42, no. 1 (2017): 11-21.

Yunus, E. and Indrasari, M., 2017. Opportunities and challenges of tourism industry. International Journal of Economic Research, 14(7), pp.277-291.

The post Alexander, B. 2013. Design of a Socio-technical Change Management Process: A Critical appeared first on PapersSpot.