Water flows between two adjacent parts of a vertically sided service reservoir through a submerged 0.3m diameter orifice (CD = 0.60) in a common dividing wall. The first reservoir measures 45m by 30m in plan and initially contains water to a height of 5.0m above the centre of the orifice. The second tank is 20m…

Water flows down a trapezoidal open channel that has a bottom width B of 4.0m and a water surface width BS of 17.2m when the depth of flow on the channel centreline is 3.3m. (a) Without using any charts or tables, calculate the value of the wetted perimeter, the hydraulic radius and the hydraulic mean…

(a) Explain how it is possible for the flow at a particular cross-section in a channel to occur at two significantly different (alternate) depths of flow at the same discharge. (b) Water flows down a rectangular channel 4.0m wide at a depth of 1.7m. The discharge is 15.0m3 /s. (i) Determine whether the flow is…

A weir built to supply water to an old paper mill raises the water level in the river for some distance upstream. To reduce flooding it is proposed that the weir should be removed, but the effect of this needs to be determined first. Just upstream of the weir the depth is 3.722m when the…

Repeat question 8.11 above using the direct step method. Assume that the required change in water level is (3.722 – 1.250) = 2.472m divided into eight steps of DD = 0.309m. (a) Compare the chainages at which the upstream depth in the two questions first becomes 1.250m. Is there a significant difference? (b) Why might…

The design discharge for a culvert is 13.8m3 /s when the normal depth in the rectangular river channel is 1.9m. The channel has a bankful width of 4.2m, a slope of 1 in 300 and a Manning’s n of about 0.040s/m1/3. The maximum permissible upstream depth is 2.2m (i.e. 2.5m less 0.3m freeboard). The culvert…

(a) With respect to a broad crested weir, what is meant by the ‘submergence ratio’ and why is it important? (b) Water flows along a rectangular channel in which there is a broad crested weir with a horizontal crest. The channel is 9.0m wide, and upstream of the weir the depth of flow measured from…

A physical hydraulic model is to be built to study the effect of altering the breakwaters at the entrance to a 150m wide river to allow the navigation of larger ships. However, there is concern that altering the breakwaters will result in changes to the beach levels and offshore sandbanks around the estuary. It is…

Define what is meant by the specific speed of (a) a turbine and (b) a pump. (c) A turbine is required to generate 5.5MW of electricity from the regulating releases from Kielder Water reservoir. The nominal head of water available is 47.35m. If the turbine has a rotational speed of 500rpm, by calculating the specific…

In a proposed pipeline a steady flow of water (K = 2100 ¥ 106N/m2 ) will exist at a velocity of 2.5m/s. The intention is to use 0.3m internal diameter PVC pipes (E = 26 ¥ 108N/m2 , wall thickness d = 20mm). (a) Calculate the wave celerity cP in the pipe assuming c =…