What Is the VARK Questionnaire?

The VARK questionnaire is a self-assessment tool designed to identify your preferred sensory modality for learning — in other words, how you most naturally like to take in and work with new information. It was created by Neil Fleming, a New Zealand teacher and inspector of schools, who noticed that students in the same classroom responded very differently to the same instruction and wondered why.

Fleming developed VARK as a diagnostic tool to help learners understand their own preferences and to help teachers become more aware of the diversity of learning approaches in any given group. The name VARK is an acronym formed from the four categories the model identifies:

• Visual (V) — preference for information presented in charts, graphs, diagrams, and maps
• Aural (A) — preference for information that is heard or spoken, such as lectures, discussions, and podcasts
• Read/Write (R) — preference for information displayed as words, including reading books, writing notes, and using lists
• Kinesthetic (K) — preference for learning through experience, practice, and real-world examples

The questionnaire itself consists of 16 multiple-choice scenario-based questions. Rather than asking you to rate your preferences directly, each question presents a real-life situation and asks what you would most likely do in that scenario. Respondents are allowed to choose more than one answer per question, which reflects the reality that most people’s preferences are context-dependent.

Today the questionnaire is managed by VARK Learn Limited and is freely available at vark-learn.com. It takes approximately 5–10 minutes to complete online, after which respondents receive a VARK profile showing their scores across each of the four modalities.

Why How You Learn Matters

Not everyone learns the same way. This is not a controversial statement — it’s an observable truth backed by decades of educational research. Some people absorb information best by hearing it. Others need to read it, see it diagrammed, or physically interact with the concepts before anything sticks. These differences in how we prefer to receive and process information are called learning style preferences, and one of the most widely used frameworks for identifying them is the VARK questionnaire.

Developed by New Zealand-based educator Neil Fleming in 1987, VARK stands for Visual, Aural, Read/Write, and Kinesthetic — the four sensory modalities through which people process information. The VARK questionnaire is a simple, 16-question tool that helps learners identify which of these four categories (or combination of categories) best describes how they learn. Since its creation, the VARK model has been used in universities, medical schools, corporate training programs, and secondary education settings around the world.

The Four VARK Learning Styles Explained

Visual (V)

Visual learners in the VARK model do not simply prefer pictures or photographs. In VARK’s framework, Visual refers specifically to information in the form of charts, graphs, flow diagrams, hierarchies, and maps — that is, information that shows patterns, relationships, and connections between ideas. A Visual learner would prefer a pie chart explaining market share over a written paragraph describing the same data.

It’s important to note that VARK’s Visual category is not the same as the general cultural concept of ‘visual learner’ (someone who likes pictures). A VARK Visual learner may actually score low on other models’ ‘visual’ definitions. The key is the preference for structured graphic representations of data rather than decorative imagery.

Effective study strategies for Visual learners include converting notes into diagrams or concept maps, using color-coded notes, replacing words with symbols and arrows, and creating timelines and flow charts.

Aural (A)

Aural learners prefer information that is heard or spoken. They learn best from lectures, seminars, discussions, tutorials, and conversations. They tend to remember things people have said verbatim and often find that talking things through helps them understand them.

Aural learners benefit from attending every lecture, recording and replaying audio, reading aloud to themselves, discussing topics with study groups, and using mnemonics and rhymes to remember key concepts. They often find music and rhythm helpful as memory aids.

The Aural category is sometimes misunderstood as simply ‘listening,’ but its deeper characteristic is an orientation toward spoken language and interpersonal discussion. Aural learners tend to be excellent in verbal environments and often prefer oral exams over written ones.

Read/Write (R)

Read/Write learners prefer information displayed as words. This is perhaps the most traditional academic preference — these learners thrive on reading textbooks, writing notes, creating lists, and working through written materials. They tend to value precision in language and find that writing things out by hand or type helps consolidate their understanding.

Effective strategies for R/W learners include rewriting notes after class in their own words, making lists and hierarchies of information, reading around topics using textbooks and academic articles, converting diagrams back into written notes, and creating written glossaries of key terms.

R/W learners are often high performers in traditional academic settings, since most formal education tends to favor written information. However, they may struggle in more hands-on, visual, or discussion-based learning environments.

Kinesthetic (K)

Kinesthetic learners prefer learning through experience, practice, and concrete examples tied to reality. They want to connect theory to real-world application. They learn by doing — through lab work, field trips, simulations, worked examples, and trial and error. Abstract concepts are difficult for K learners unless grounded in real examples.

Kinesthetic study strategies include using case studies and real-world examples, reviewing past exam papers, working through practice problems, creating role plays or simulations, and connecting new material to personal experiences. Kinesthetic learners often perform best in practical, applied assessments.

Despite the name, Kinesthetic does not simply mean ‘hands-on’ in a physical sense. It is more broadly about the preference for concrete, experience-based information over abstract theory — a distinction that is often misunderstood. According to VARK’s own research, Kinesthetic is the most common single-modality preference, reported by 23.2% of participants.

Multimodal Learning: The Most Common VARK Profile

One of the most important and frequently misunderstood aspects of the VARK framework is the concept of multimodal learning. A multimodal learner is someone who does not have a single dominant VARK preference but instead shows strong preferences across two, three, or all four modalities.

Contrary to what might be expected, multimodal learners are actually the largest group in VARK research. The VARK Integrative category — representing people who have significant preferences across all four modalities — is the most common profile at 25.4% of all respondents. This means more people are multimodal than any single-modality type.

Being multimodal is not a disadvantage. Rather, it suggests that the learner needs to engage with material in more than one way to truly absorb and understand it. A multimodal learner might need to read about a concept, discuss it with a peer, and then practice applying it before it feels fully consolidated. Multimodal learners should make use of strategies across all their preferred modalities for the best results.

VARK Profile	Percentage of Learners	Description
VARK Integrative (all four)	25.4%	Strong preferences across all four modalities
Kinesthetic (K)	23.2%	Most common single-modality preference
Visual (V)	~15%	Preference for diagrams, graphs, and spatial displays
Aural (A)	~14%	Preference for heard/spoken information
Read/Write (R)	~12%	Preference for words and written text
Bimodal (any two)	~10%	Strong preferences across two modalities

How the VARK Questionnaire Works

Structure of the Questionnaire

The VARK questionnaire consists of 16 scenario-based multiple-choice questions. Each question describes a real-life situation — for example, what you would do when learning to use new software, how you would explain a route to a friend, or how you prefer to receive feedback — and provides four answer options, each corresponding to one of the VARK modalities.

Crucially, respondents may select more than one answer per question. This ‘choose all that apply’ format reflects the reality that preferences are rarely absolute — people often use multiple strategies depending on the context. Once all 16 questions are answered, a score is tallied for each modality (V, A, R, K), producing a profile that shows which modalities are dominant, secondary, or negligible for that individual.

The Design Philosophy

Neil Fleming made a deliberate choice to keep the questionnaire short. VARK Learn’s own research notes that survey fatigue becomes a real issue beyond 25 questions — respondents begin to provide less considered, even spurious, answers. The 16-question format is long enough to be statistically meaningful while short enough to keep respondents genuinely engaged.

The questions are also deliberately practical and scenario-based rather than asking respondents to self-report their preferences directly (e.g., ‘Do you prefer visual information?’). This reduces bias, since many people have a preconceived notion of their learning style that may not match their actual behavior.

Interpreting Your VARK Results

After completing the questionnaire, respondents receive a VARK profile indicating their scores on each of the four modalities. A high score in one area suggests a strong preference for that modality; a relatively even distribution suggests multimodality.

VARK results should be interpreted with nuance. The creators explicitly state that the profile is a ‘rule of thumb,’ not a diagnosis. It is intended to start a conversation and prompt reflection — a process known as metacognition — rather than serve as a fixed, definitive label. Indeed, about one-third of completers fill in VARK’s follow-up research questions, and of those, the majority report that their profile is a ‘Match’ to their own self-perception, which supports the questionnaire’s face validity.

Scores can also shift slightly over time. Research suggests that retaking the questionnaire may produce scores that differ by 1–2 points on a given modality, reflecting the natural variability in how people approach different situations. Additionally, there is evidence of an increase in single preferences with age — older learners tend to have more defined, narrower preferences than younger ones.

The Science Behind VARK: Validity and Research

The VARK model has been the subject of considerable academic scrutiny, particularly regarding whether matching teaching methods to VARK profiles (a concept sometimes called ‘meshing’) actually improves learning outcomes.

A notable study conducted at Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore (Manipal University, India) explored VARK profiles among medical students and found the questionnaire to be a useful tool for self-awareness and instructional design, even if direct outcome effects were complex. The study concluded that with the growing interest in newer teaching and learning methods worldwide, there is an opportune moment to change age-old teaching styles with the help of tools like VARK — particularly in contexts like medical education governed by bodies such as the Medical Council of India.

However, broader meta-analyses have found that studies have failed to uniformly demonstrate an effect of learning style preference on academic performance. This means that while VARK may accurately describe a preference, it has not been proven that teaching exclusively in someone’s preferred modality will reliably improve their grades.

The VARK team acknowledges this nuance. They position the model not as a prescriptive educational intervention but as a tool for self-awareness, communication, and the development of more varied, conscious study strategies. The value is in prompting learners to think about how they learn — not in rigidly dictating that they should only ever use one approach.

VARK Study Strategies: Helpsheets by Modality

One of the most practical outputs of the VARK system is the set of Helpsheets — modality-specific guides that translate VARK preferences into concrete study strategies. Below is a summary of key strategies for each modality:

Modality	Intake Strategies	Output Strategies
Visual (V)	Convert notes to diagrams, use color-coded maps, create flow charts, draw hierarchies	Recall diagrams from memory, reconstruct maps, use color in exam answers where allowed
Aural (A)	Attend lectures, record and replay audio, join study groups, discuss content aloud, use mnemonics	Practice speaking answers aloud, use verbal memory cues, attend oral review sessions
Read/Write (R)	Read textbooks, rewrite notes in own words, create written glossaries, use bullet lists and headings	Write practice essays, rewrite diagrams as written notes, create written summaries
Kinesthetic (K)	Use real-world examples and case studies, review past papers, work through practice problems, simulate scenarios	Apply knowledge to hypothetical scenarios, use experience-based examples in answers

VARK in Different Educational Contexts

VARK in Higher Education

Universities and colleges have long used the VARK questionnaire as part of student orientation, academic advising, and study skills workshops. By helping students identify their learning preferences early in their academic careers, institutions can direct them toward more effective study habits and reduce the risk of early academic difficulty.

Learning support centers at many institutions offer VARK-based workshops as part of their academic skills programs, helping students translate their VARK profiles into practical study plans aligned to their course demands.

VARK in Medical Education

Medical education has been a particularly active area for VARK research. The complexity of medical curricula — which combines highly theoretical content (pharmacology, physiology) with intensely practical application (clinical skills, patient interaction) — means that learner diversity is especially pronounced. Medical students who understand their VARK preferences can better manage the cognitive demands of their programs.

Research at institutions such as Kasturba Medical College has shown that medical students have diverse VARK profiles, with a significant proportion being multimodal. Educators in medical schools have used VARK findings to diversify their instructional methods, incorporating more visual aids, discussion-based tutorials, and simulation exercises alongside traditional didactic lectures.

VARK for Younger Learners

VARK Learn has developed a separate version of the questionnaire tailored for younger people — children and teenagers who are still developing their learning preferences. This is supported by developmental research suggesting that children build preferences in a particular developmental order from birth: touch and movement (K) first, followed by voices and sound (A), then pictures and visual information (V), and finally reading and writing (R) — typically developing between around age 12 onward.

For classroom teachers, understanding VARK can inform lesson planning. A teacher aware that their class contains a diversity of V, A, R, and K learners is better positioned to diversify their instructional methods and increase engagement across the board.

VARK in Corporate and Workplace Training

VARK has also found an application in corporate learning and development. Organizations use VARK group subscriptions to profile their teams and design training programs that are accessible to a wider range of learner types. A training program built exclusively around written manuals and slide decks, for example, may be highly effective for R/W learners but poorly suited to Kinesthetic or Aural employees.

VARK Learn Limited offers group subscriptions that allow organizations to collect aggregated profile data across a team or department, enabling learning designers to create more inclusive, multimodal training materials.

Common Misconceptions About VARK

‘Visual’ Does Not Mean You Like Pictures

This is one of the most persistent misunderstandings. In the VARK framework, Visual refers to a preference for information displayed in charts, graphs, flow diagrams, and maps — not photographs, illustrations, or decorative images. Someone can score zero on VARK’s Visual scale and still love painting, photography, or art galleries. VARK Visual is about abstract, graphical representation of data, not visual aesthetics.

Kinesthetic Does Not Mean ‘Hands-On’ in a Physical Sense

Kinesthetic in VARK refers to a preference for experience-based, concrete, real-world learning — not necessarily physical movement. A Kinesthetic learner can engage their preferred modality by reading a compelling case study or working through a well-crafted simulation without ever leaving their desk. The defining feature is the connection to reality and experience, not physical touch or movement.

Your VARK Score Is Not a Fixed Label

VARK results are intended to prompt self-reflection, not to define you permanently. Scores can shift slightly over time, and the model’s creators explicitly state it should not be used to box learners into rigid categories. It is a starting point for a conversation about learning — not an end point.

A Low Score in One Area Doesn’t Mean You Avoid It

Scoring low in, say, the Aural category does not mean you cannot learn from lectures or discussions — it simply means it is not your preferred modality. VARK is about preference, not ability. All learners use all four modalities to some degree; the questionnaire identifies where their strongest preferences lie.

The VARK Questionnaire: People Also Ask

What are the 4 VARK learning styles?

The four VARK learning styles are Visual (preference for diagrams and charts), Aural (preference for heard and spoken information), Read/Write (preference for words and written text), and Kinesthetic (preference for experience-based, real-world learning). Each represents a sensory modality through which people prefer to receive and process information.

How many questions are on the VARK questionnaire?

The VARK questionnaire consists of 16 questions. Each question is scenario-based and allows respondents to select multiple answers, reflecting the context-dependence of real learning preferences.

Is VARK scientifically valid?

The VARK questionnaire has strong face validity — the majority of respondents who reflect on their results report that the profile accurately describes how they perceive themselves as learners. However, the broader claim that teaching to VARK preferences (meshing) directly improves academic performance has not been consistently demonstrated in research. The value of VARK is primarily in raising self-awareness and encouraging metacognition, rather than as a prescriptive teaching formula.

Can my VARK learning style change?

Yes, to some extent. Retaking the questionnaire over time often produces scores that vary by 1–2 points on a given modality, suggesting that preferences are not entirely fixed. Life experiences, educational contexts, and professional development can all influence learning preferences over time. There is also evidence that preferences tend to become more defined and specific with age.

What does it mean to be a multimodal learner?

A multimodal learner has significant preferences across two, three, or all four VARK modalities rather than a single dominant preference. Multimodal learners typically need to engage with material in multiple ways to fully understand and retain it. The VARK Integrative profile (strong preferences across all four modalities) is actually the most common result, held by 25.4% of all respondents.

Is the VARK questionnaire free?

Yes, the basic VARK questionnaire is freely available online at vark-learn.com. A free results summary is provided upon completion. However, more detailed personalized PDF profiles, group subscriptions for organizations, and access to additional tools (such as the Current Strategies Questionnaire) may involve a fee.

How do teachers use VARK results?

Educators use VARK to design more diverse instructional materials, create multimodal assessments, and help individual students develop personalized study plans. In classroom settings, awareness of VARK distribution can help teachers balance lectures (A), visual aids (V), written materials (R), and practical activities (K) to serve a wider range of learners.

What is a VARK profile?

A VARK profile is a summary of your scores across the four VARK modalities, showing your relative preferences for Visual, Aural, Read/Write, and Kinesthetic learning. VARK Learn Limited offers a short PDF profile for individual users and more detailed personalized profiles as part of their subscription services.

Problems Addressed by the VARK Questionnaire

The VARK questionnaire has proven popular because it speaks directly to genuine learner challenges. Below are the most common problems users seek to resolve through VARK, and how the tool addresses them:

User Problem	How VARK Addresses It
‘I don’t know how I learn best’	The 16-question assessment identifies dominant and secondary sensory modality preferences
‘My current study strategies aren’t working’	VARK Helpsheets provide modality-specific, practical study strategy recommendations
‘Traditional teaching methods don’t work for me’	VARK validates diverse learning preferences and legitimizes seeking alternative approaches
‘I want to check whether my self-perception is accurate’	The scenario-based format reduces bias; results can confirm or challenge pre-existing beliefs
‘I’m a teacher who wants to reach more students’	VARK group subscriptions and profile data enable instructional design informed by learner diversity
‘I scored high in multiple areas — what does that mean?’	VARK explains multimodality clearly and provides strategies for learners with multiple preferences
‘I got a zero in one category — does that mean I avoid it?’	VARK clarifies that a low score reflects preference, not ability or avoidance
‘My students don’t apply their VARK results’	VARK Learn acknowledges this gap and is improving onboarding to help learners apply their profiles
‘I work in L&D and need data on my team’s learning preferences’	VARK offers business-facing group subscriptions with aggregated team profile data
‘I’m a parent or educator working with children’	VARK for Younger People provides a developmentally appropriate version of the tool

Key Entities in the VARK Ecosystem

Neil Fleming — Creator of VARK

Neil Fleming is a New Zealand educator who developed the VARK model in 1987 while working as a school inspector. Observing that effective teachers used diverse instructional strategies while less effective ones relied on a narrow range of approaches, Fleming set out to create a practical diagnostic tool to help learners identify their preferences. His work has since influenced educational practice in dozens of countries.

VARK Learn Limited

VARK Learn Limited is the New Zealand-based company that owns the VARK trademark and operates the official VARK website at vark-learn.com. The company develops and maintains the questionnaire, produces Helpsheets, manages group and organizational subscriptions, and conducts ongoing research into the VARK model’s applications and validity.

Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University (India)

Kasturba Medical College at Manipal University (India) has been the site of significant peer-reviewed research into VARK learning preferences among medical students. Published findings from this institution have been widely cited in discussions about VARK’s application in professional and healthcare education contexts.

Medical Council of India

The Medical Council of India has issued updated undergraduate medical education guidelines that encourage the adoption of varied instructional methods — creating a policy context in which tools like VARK are increasingly relevant to curriculum designers and medical educators in India.

University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)

UAB has hosted and distributed a version of the VARK questionnaire PDF, contributing to its academic circulation in the United States and serving as an example of institutional adoption of VARK-based learning resources.

VARK Questionnaire: Technical Terms Glossary

Term	Definition
Sensory modality	A channel through which the brain receives and processes information (visual, aural, etc.)
Unimodal	Having one clearly dominant VARK learning preference
Multimodal	Having strong preferences across two, three, or all four VARK modalities
VARK Integrative	The profile reflecting strong preferences across all four modalities; the most common VARK result (25.4%)
Metacognition	The act of reflecting on and becoming aware of one’s own thinking and learning processes
Survey fatigue	Reduced attention and accuracy in survey responses caused by a questionnaire that is too long
Didactic lecture	A traditional one-way instructional format in which an expert presents information to a passive audience
Helpsheets	VARK’s modality-specific guides providing concrete study strategies for each learning preference
VARK Profile	A personalized summary of a learner’s scores across the four VARK modalities
Meshing	The instructional theory that matching teaching methods to a learner’s preferred style improves outcomes (contested)
Face validity	The extent to which a tool appears to measure what it claims to measure, as judged by respondents
Current Strategies Questionnaire	A VARK companion tool asking what study strategies learners actually use, rather than prefer

How to Take the VARK Questionnaire: Step-by-Step

1. Go to the official VARK website: https://vark-learn.com/the-vark-questionnaire/
2. Read each of the 16 scenario-based questions carefully
3. Select all answer options that feel applicable to you — you are not limited to one answer per question
4. Submit your responses at the end of the questionnaire
5. Review your VARK profile showing your scores across V, A, R, and K
6. Download the relevant VARK Helpsheets for your dominant modality or modalities
7. Apply the recommended study strategies to your current coursework or training
8. Consider retaking the questionnaire after 6–12 months to see if your preferences have shifted

It is worth noting that many people complete the VARK questionnaire and review their results without ever going on to use the Helpsheets or meaningfully change their study behavior — a finding that VARK’s own research acknowledges. Getting the most from your VARK profile requires the additional step of translating results into action.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: Is VARK the same as other learning style models like Kolb or Gardner?

No. VARK is specifically focused on sensory modality preferences for receiving and processing information. Kolb’s Learning Cycle is a broader model of experiential learning focused on reflection and conceptualization. Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences describes a wider range of cognitive strengths (linguistic, mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, etc.) and is not specifically about instructional preferences. These models complement rather than compete with VARK.

Q: Can I be good at learning in a modality even if it’s not my preferred one?

Absolutely. VARK measures preference, not ability. You may be perfectly capable of learning from a lecture even if Aural is your lowest-scoring modality. VARK identifies where your default and most comfortable approach lies, not the limits of your capability.

Q: Should schools assign students to classes based on their VARK profiles?

No, and VARK’s creators do not recommend this. Segregating students by learning preference would be educationally counterproductive. The goal of VARK is to diversify instructional approaches so that all learners are better served within the same learning environment, and to empower individual learners to develop broader study repertoires.

Q: What version of the VARK questionnaire is current?

The questionnaire has been updated multiple times since its creation. Versions have included 7.0, 7.8, 8.02, and 9.1. The current version available at vark-learn.com reflects the most recent iteration. Older versions may still appear in academic publications and on institutional websites such as the UAB-hosted PDF.

Q: Does VARK work for all cultures and languages?

VARK has been translated and used in multiple countries and languages, and research has been conducted across diverse cultural contexts, including in India, the United States, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand. While cultural factors can influence learning preferences, the fundamental sensory modality framework has shown broad applicability. Users from non-English-speaking contexts should use officially translated versions where available for the most accurate results.

Q: Is there a VARK questionnaire for children?

Yes. VARK Learn offers a separate questionnaire version adapted for younger learners, including a VARK Observation Sheet for very young children who cannot self-report. This is based on developmental research showing that children build learning preferences in a predictable order: touch/movement (K), then hearing/sound (A), then visual patterns (V), then reading/writing (R).

Q: How does VARK compare to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

MBTI is a personality assessment that measures four broad psychological preferences (introversion/extraversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, judging/perceiving) and produces 16 personality types. VARK is narrower in scope, focused specifically on how people prefer to receive and process information for learning. The two tools measure different things and can be used complementarily.

Conclusion

The VARK questionnaire remains one of the most widely used and practically accessible tools in educational psychology. Developed by Neil Fleming and now managed by VARK Learn Limited, it offers learners a fast, free, and intuitive way to identify their preferred sensory modality for receiving and processing information — whether Visual, Aural, Read/Write, Kinesthetic, or some combination of these.

Understanding your VARK profile is not about putting yourself in a box. It is about developing self-awareness — the metacognitive awareness that allows you to make more conscious, effective decisions about how you study, how you engage with new information, and how you communicate your learning preferences to educators and colleagues.

The research is clear that learning preferences alone do not determine academic outcomes, and that matching teaching exclusively to a single modality is neither practical nor necessarily beneficial. What VARK does offer is a starting point: a clear, validated framework for thinking about learning diversity, diversifying your own study strategies, and contributing to more inclusive educational environments.

Whether you’re a student preparing for exams, a teacher designing a more engaging curriculum, a medical professional navigating complex professional development, or a corporate trainer seeking to reach a diverse workforce, the VARK questionnaire offers a simple, scientifically grounded starting point for the lifelong pursuit of smarter, more effective learning.

References

1. VARK Learn Limited. The VARK Questionnaire. https://vark-learn.com/the-vark-questionnaire/
2. VARK Learn Limited. Introduction to VARK. https://vark-learn.com/introduction-to-vark/
3. VARK Learn Limited. VARK Helpsheets. https://vark-learn.com/strategies/
4. VARK Learn Limited. VARK Research Data & Statistics. https://vark-learn.com/research-statistics/
5. Fleming, N.D. Helping Students Understand How They Learn. The Teaching Professor, Vol. 7, No. 4. 1992.
6. Prithishkumar, I.J. & Michael, S.A. Understanding Your Student: Using the VARK Model. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2014. PubMed Central. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260396/
7. University of Alabama at Birmingham. VARK Questionnaire PDF. https://www.uab.edu/emsap/images/stories/vark-questionnaire-v7.8.pdf
8. VARK Learn Limited. VARK for Younger People. https://vark-learn.com/vark-for-younger-people/