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Respond to this student’s post with a paragraph on facts and ever a reference supporting your statements

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Nasrin Omer

7 hours ago, at 1:54 PM

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Module 10 Discussion: Heart Disease

Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome caused by structural and functional defects in the myocardium, resulting in impairment of ventricular filling or the ejection of blood. Heart failure is caused by systematic hypertension in most cases. Some patients experiencing a myocardial infarction (MI) also develop heart failure. The next common cause is structural heart changes, such as valvular dysfunction, particularly pulmonic or aortic stenosis, which leads to pressure or volume overload on the heart (Banasik, & Copstead, 2019).

The risk of HF increases with the presence of variables that can be changed by the patient. These variables are called modifiable risk factors. The major modifiable risk factors include hypertension, alcohol consumption, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and a sedentary lifestyle (Inamdar, & Inamdar, 2016). Besides, the remaining modifiable risk factors include low daily fruit and vegetable intake.

The non-modifiable risk factors are age, gender, family history of heart disease, and chronic renal disease. Patients cannot change these characteristics. The risk of heart failure increases with age, with significant cases of death occurring over the age of 65. Further, family history for premature cardiovascular disease is also a significant risk factor, especially for younger individuals. 

Overall, heart failure indeed is a complex disease, and so far, has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing and developed countries. A standardized medical therapy has been successful in the early stages of HF. Advanced stages of HF require frequent hospitalization due to the presence of severe HF and or associated co-morbid conditions, which require the strict implementation of an appropriately individualized multidisciplinary approach and quality measures to reduce re-hospitalization.

References

Banasik, J. L., & Copstead, L. E. C. (2019). Pathophysiology: Biological and Behaviorial Perspectives. Saunders.

Inamdar, A. A., & Inamdar, A. C. (2016). Heart failure: diagnosis, management and utilization. Journal of clinical medicine, 5(7), 62.

 

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