@ICTM PAGE 1 OF 9ICON COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENTHarvard Referencing and Citation GuidelinesReferencing:This is a method used to demonstrate to the assessors that a learner has conducted a thoroughand appropriate literature search. Equally, referencing is an acknowledgement that you haveused the ideas and written material belonging to other authors in your own work. As … Continue reading “thorough and appropriate literature search | My Assignment Tutor”
@ICTM PAGE 1 OF 9ICON COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENTHarvard Referencing and Citation GuidelinesReferencing:This is a method used to demonstrate to the assessors that a learner has conducted a thoroughand appropriate literature search. Equally, referencing is an acknowledgement that you haveused the ideas and written material belonging to other authors in your own work. As with allreferencing styles, there are two parts: Citing and the Reference List.Referencing list format:This is your list of all the sources that have been cited in the assignment. The list is inclusiveshowing books, journals, etc., listed in one list, not in separate lists according to source type.The list should be in Alphabetical Order by author/editor/company name, etc. (No bulletpoints or numbering)PRINTED/PUBLISHED SOURCESBook: by one AuthorAuthor (surname), Initials. (Year) Title of book (Italic). Edition. (only include this if not thefirst edition) Place of publication (this must be a town or city, not a country): Publisher.Reference List:Where 1st editionBaron, D. P. (2008) Business and the Organisation. Chester: Pearson.Where 3rd editionRedman, P. (2006) Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed. London: OpenUniversity in assoc. with Sage.In text reference:According to (Baron, 2008) organization structure …Leading social scientist (Redman, 2006; Baron, 2008; Smith, 2008) have noted …Book: by two, three authorsThe required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials.(Year) Title of book. Edition (onlyinclude this if not the first edition). Place: Publisher.@ICTM PAGE 2 OF 9Reference List:Barker, R., Kirk, J. and Munday, R.J. (1988) Narrative analysis. 3rd ed. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.In text reference for the above examples:A new theory (Barker and Munday, 1988) has challenged traditional thinking …Book: by four or more authorsAuthor (surname), Initials. et al (Year) Title of book. Edition (only include this if not the firstedition). Place: Publisher.Reference List:Grace, B. et al. (1988) A history of the world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.In text reference for the above examples:Leading business fellows Grace et al (1988) noted that…Foreign BookAuthor (surname), initial. (Year) Title of Book [either as given or an English translation insquare brackets] Place of publication Publisher Language of translation in round bracketsReference List:Borges, J. L. (1995) [Ficciones] Madrid: Alianza Editorial.Book: TranslatedAuthor (surname), Initials. (Year) Title of book. Translated from (language) by (name oftranslator) Place of publication: Publisher.Canetti, E. (2001) The voices of Marrakesh: a record of a visit. Translated from German byJ.A.Underwood. San Francisco: Arion.Multiple Books by same Author published in the same yearAuthor (surname), Initals.(Year a/b/c) Title of book. Place: Publisher.Reference List:Soros, G. (1966a) The road to serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Soros, G. (1966b) Beyond the road to serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.In text reference for the above examples:Soros (1966a) mentioned in his ……………According to Soros (1966b) modern literature……….@ICTM PAGE 3 OF 9Chapter of edited book or Secondary reference for Book and JournalWhen an author refers to another author’s work and the primary source is not availableChapter author(s) surname(s) and initials. Year of chapter. Title of chapter followed by In:Book editor(s) initials and surnames with ed. or eds. after the last name. Year of book. Titleof book. Place of publication: Publisher. Chapter number or first and last page numbersfollowed by full-stop.References List:Smith, J. (1975) “A source of information.” In: W. Jones, ed. (2000). One hundred and oneways to find information about health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch. 2.Samson, C. (1970) “Problems of information studies in history.” In: S. Stone, ed. (2002).Humanities information research. Sheffield: CRUS, pp. 44-68.In text reference for the above examples:(Smith, 1975)(Samson, 1970)N.B. You are advised that secondary referencing should be avoided wherever possibleand you should always try to find the original workJournal ArticlesAuthor (surname), Initials. (Year) Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue/Part number), Page number(if single page then use ‘p’ if more than one page use ‘pp’)References List:Boughton, J.M. (2002) The Bretton Woods proposal: an in-depth look. Political ScienceQuarterly, 42(6), pp.564-78.Foreign JournalAuthor (surname), initials. (Year) Title of article [square brackets] Journal title Edition Pagenumber Language of translation (round brackets)References List:Caballero, D. (2003) [Policing without borders] Cambi16. 1(668) pg. 24 (in Spanish)ReportAuthor (surname), initials. (Year) Title of report (underline or italicise) Publisher Report codeand number (in brackets)References List:Dearing, R. (1996) Review of qualifications for 16 – 19 year olds: quality and rigour in ALevel examinations. London: SCAA Publications (COM/96/467)@ICTM PAGE 4 OF 9Annual Report:Corporate author, Year of publication. Full title of annual report (if available), Place ofPublication: Publisher.Marks & Spencer (2004) The way forward, annual report 2003-2004, London: Marks &Spencer.For an e-version of an annual report. The required elements for a reference are:Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page, [type of medium]Available at:include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator)[Accessed date]Marks & Spencer (2004) Annual report 2003-2004. [Online] Available at: http://wwwmarks-and-spencer.co.uk/corporate/annual2003/[Accessed 4 June 2005].ThesesAuthor (surname), initials. (Year) of submission. Title of theses (underline or italicise)Degree statement Degree-awarding bodyReferences List:Hounsome, I. W. (2001) Factors affecting the design and performance of flexible ducts in trenchreinstatements. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Napier University.NewspaperArticle with authorAuthor (surname), initials. (Year) Article Title (underline or italicise) Name of NewspaperDate (day, month, year) Page numberReferences List:Ward, L. (2004) Diploma plan to reward lower and higher abilities. The Guardian.18th February, p.4.Article without an authorTitle of publication Year of publication (in brackets) Title of article (underline oritalicise) Day and Month Page numberReferences List:The Guardian (2004) HSBC CEO has come down at last. 23rd November, p. 10.@ICTM PAGE 5 OF 9ELECTRONIC SOURCESElectronic Book (e-book)Author (surname), initials. (Year) Title of book (underline or italicise) Name of e-booksupplier [Online] Available at: URL (Date accessed)References List:Krug, B. and White, S. E. (2004) EBay secrets: how to create Internet auction listings that make30% more money while selling every item you list. Amazon [Online]. Available at:http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/ (Accessed: 16 August 2004).Articles in Electronic JournalAuthor (surname), initials. (Year) Title of article (in quotation marks) Title of journal(underline or italicise) Volume, issue, page numbers Database Name [Online] Available at:URL of collection (Date accessed).References List:Haliday, J. (2004) ‘Ford dealers test custom cable ads’, Advertising age,75 (42), pg. 6. Proquest[Online]. Available at: http://proquest.umi.com/ (Accessed: 23 November 2004).Article in Internet Journal DatabaseAuthor (surname), initials. (Year) Title of article (underline or italicise) Title of Journal(underline or italicise) [Online] Volume, issue Available at: URL of web page (Dateaccessed).References List:Lloyd, J. (2001) Blessed are the pure in heart: globalisation. New Statesman, 23 April [Online].Available at: http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles(Accessed: 23 November 2004).Online Material in the Internet without DateAuthor (surname), initials. (Year) Title of article (underline or italicise) [Online], issue[Online] Available at: URL of web page (Date accessed).References List:Lloyd, J. (No Date) Blessed are the pure in heart: globalisation [Online]. Available at:http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles (Accessed: 23 November 2004).Online Material from Internet without Author’s NameName of the Organisation, (Year) Title of article (underline or italicise) [Online] Available at:URL of web page (Date accessed).References List:Marks & Spencer (2010) Marks and Spencer’s Corporate Strategy [Online]. Available at:http://www.m&s.co.uk/corporate/ (Accessed: 23 November 2004)@ICTM PAGE 6 OF 9EmailName of sender and email address, (Year) Message or subject title from posting line. [type ofmedium] Recipient’s name and email address. Date sent: Including time. Available at: URL(e.g. details of where message is archived). [Accessed date].Jones, P. (jones@jones.com), (2005) Mobile phone developments. [email] Message to R. G.Schmit (r.g.schmit@syy.ac.uk). Sent Monday 7 June 2005, 08:13. Available at: [Accessed 7 July 2005].N.B: Permission should be sought before these sources are quoted. Copies of suchcorrespondence should be kept, as these may need to be submitted as an appendix in anacademic submissionImages from the InternetAuthor (surname), initials. (Year) Title of image (underline or italicise) [Online image]Available at: URL (Date accessed)References List:Marshall, J. (2000) Cathedral clock. [Online image]. Available at:http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/art/art_cathclock.html (Accessed 23 November 2004).OTHER SOURCESComputer ProgrammeAuthor (surname), initials. (Year) Title of programme (underline or italicise) Version (inbrackets) Form, i.e. Computer programme [in square brackets] Availability, i.e. distributor,address, order number (if given)References List:Sanders, B. and William, B. (2001) Java in 2 semesters. (version 2) [computer programme]Microsoft Inc. New York.AtlasAs for books, using the title page to find the informationReferences List:The times atlas of the world (2004) London: Times Books.Video / FilmTitle of programme/film (underline or italicise) Year of distribution (in brackets) Director[Videocassette] Place of distribution: distribution companyReferences ListAll about Eve (1977) Directed by Joseph Mankiewiez [Film]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox.@ICTM PAGE 7 OF 9Television programmeTitle of programme (underline or italicise) Year of publication (in brackets) Name of channelDate of transmission (day/month/time)References ListCoronation Street (2004) ITV1, 25 November. 19.00hrs.Audiocassette/CD/DVDAuthor (if available, if not use title first) Year of publication (in brackets) Title of recording(underline or italicise) [Audiocassette] Place of publication: publisher.References ListBuenos: world Spanish (1995) [Audiocassette or CD or DVD]. London: BBC Books.QUOTATIONS AND CITING INSIDE THE TEXTCitation:When you use another person’s work in your own work, either by referring to their ideas, orby including a direct quotation, you must acknowledge this in the text of your work. Thisacknowledgement is called a citation.It is important that information taken from another author’s work is properly cited andreferenced, giving credit to the original author. This includes the use of direct quotations aswell as summaries, paraphrased information, statements and conclusions. If you do not citeinformation in the correct way you will be accused of plagiarism.This allows the reader to find the source of all the ideas including direct quotations that arepresented in your work in the list provided in the Reference List. The information given atthis point should be the author, and the date of the publication. The aim is to keep it short sothat it does not detract from the text. There are a range of ways of presenting this andsituations that might dictate the style.You can incorporate references and quotations in a number of ways. The followingexamples use the Harvard Referencing.Short quotations of a sentence or two are enclosed with quotation marks (“…”) and includedin the main text.Short QuotationIn this example, you are making a direct quote. Up to two lines can be included in the body ofthe text and must include the page number.Smith (2003, p. 11) states that “Harvard referencing has to be done accurately”@ICTM PAGE 8 OF 9Longer QuotationThis should be indented in a separate paragraph. If part of the quotation is omitted, then thiscan be indicated by three dots.Cottrell (1999, p. 10) in discussing plagiarism states that, plagiarism is using the work ofothers without acknowledging your sources of information or inspiration. This includes:using words more or else exactly as they……….N.B: Longer quotations are separated from the text, placed in their own paragraph and do notneed to be enclosed in quotation marks. Avoid long quotations as they will be picked up by(Turnitin) as plagiarism. Long words for quotation should be avoided but it is acceptable toinclude them if they are presented in the following way.Citations (inside the text) If the originator’s name occurs naturally in the sentence, the year of publicationshould follow in brackets.ExampleSmith (2003) found that…or, In a recent study Smith (2003) argued that… If the author’s name would not naturally be included in the sentence add the author’sname and year of publication in brackets i.e.ExampleManagement theories have become much more diverse (Anderson, 1996) For publications by two authors:ExampleIn a recent study (Smith & Jones, 2003) it was argued that… If you are referring to a particular page or section of a work and the author’s namewould naturally be included in the sentence the date and page numbers follow inbrackets i.e.ExampleIn a recent study Smith (1996, p.26) argued that….@ICTM PAGE 9 OF 9 If the author’s name will not normally be included in the sentence all information isgiven in brackets i.e.ExampleIn a recent study (Smith, 1996, p.26) it was argued that… In cases where the name of the author cannot be identified, the item should be referredto by title:ExampleFigures in a recent survey (Tourism trends, 2003. p. 12) showed that… In cases where the date of an item cannot be identified, the item should be cited:ExampleThe earliest report (Smith, no date, p. 231) showed that… If the author and date are unknown:Example When you refer to a corporate publication e.g. a company report, use the CompanyName:ExampleA survey (Tourism trends, no date) showed that…The recession affected………..(Hanson Trust plc, 1990)
