APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 1
Torrens University
APA 7th edition Referencing Guide
Table of Contents
Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2
APA 6 to APA 7: Key Changes……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2
1.0 General principles ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3
1.1 In-text referencing ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
1.1.1 Direct quotation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
1.1.2 Paraphrasing …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5
1.2 Reference list ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6
1.3 What if……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7
1.3.1 Referencing common knowledge ………………………………………………………………………………………7
1.3.2 Referencing tables and figures ………………………………………………………………………………………….7
What if ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8
2.0 Referencing various sources ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
Books / eBooks ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..12
Journal articles………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
Web pages ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
Reports & standards ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………18
Social media………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….19
Personal communications ………………………………………………………………………………………………………21
Lecture notes & class handouts……………………………………………………………………………………………….22
Multi media ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….23
Figures (incl. images) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..26
Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..31
Dictionaries (print & online) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………33
Magazines (print & online) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..34
Pamphlet/brochure (print & online)…………………………………………………………………………………………34
Newspapers (print & online) …………………………………………………………………………………………………..35
Theses (print & online) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..36
Conference papers…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………37
Legislation & cases…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………37
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
Appendix A. Referencing when information is missing………………………………………………………. 40
Appendix B. Common abbreviations in references…………………………………………………………….. 41
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 2
Overview
In this Referencing guide, you will find the following:
• APA 6 to APA 7 – key changes
• Section 1.0: background information on how the APA 7 referencing system works
• Section 2.0: examples of a wide range of print, electronic and media sources, referenced
using APA 7 formatting
APA 6 to APA 7: Key Changes
Table 1
Overview of main changes between APA 6 and APA 7
| Updated item | APA 6 | APA 7 formatting |
| In-text | ||
| Formatting of tables and figures |
Label for tables is above, label for figures is below |
Label for figures and tables is above. |
| Use of et al. | 3-5 authors: write all names for first citation, use et al. for subsequent citations |
3 or more authors: use et al. for all citations |
| Reference list | ||
| E-books | The indication [e book] is included |
When the e-book is a PDF of the print version, the format [e-book] is no longer required. |
| Place of publication for books |
The place of publication is included for all books |
The place of publication is no longer required for books. |
| Multiple authors in reference list |
First 6 authors written down followed by . . . and last author’s name |
First 19 authors followed by . . . and last author’s name |
| Retrieved from . . . |
The phrase ‘Retrieved from’ is used to introduce url of online materials |
The words ‘Retrieved from’ are no longer required |
AssignmentTutorOnline
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 3
| DOIs | The label ‘doi’ is required. doi: |
DOIs must be included if available, whether using a printed (online) version or an online version All DOIs must start with https://doi/org/ … If no DOI, use the URL (web address) |
| Conference paper or poster presentations |
Some flexibility with regards to including state and/or country |
Include year, month and dates of conference Use [Paper presentation] or [Poster presentation] For conference location: Include city, state (if applicable) and country |
| Hosting websites or organisations |
Not compulsory | Include the name of the website or organisation that hosts a source, e.g.: Lawson, J. F. (2019). The impacts of plastic on Indonesian migratory birds. Department of Conservation. https://www.doc.govt.nz/reports/birds/indonesiaplastic/ |
| Hanging indent | No direction on indent spacing |
7 spaces (automatic default in Microsoft Word). |
1.0 General principles
Referencing acknowledges the thoughts and ideas expressed by other people within your paper. To
meet recognised academic integrity standards, all academic work must be referenced correctly to
identify the source. Torrens University requires that staff and students comply with the APA 7
referencing style as covered in this guide (unless otherwise specified).
Referencing is used to:
• indicate to the reader the sources of your information and background ideas
• show that your arguments are properly supported
• avoid plagiarism.
All referencing systems require both:
• in-text referencing/citations; and
• a list of references at the end of your work.
APA 7th is an author-date system, which means that as a general rule, the citations consist of the
author’s surname and year of publication.
Example:
In-text citation:
Authors must provide clear definitions of any terms used in academic writing (Godfrey, 2013, p. 6).
Reference list:
Godfrey, J. (2013). The student phrase book. Palgrave Macmillan.
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 4
1.1 In-text referencing
In the text of an academic paper, in-text citations acknowledge the sources of information referred to
and also direct the reader to the reference list, which provides the details necessary to locate the
sources if the reader wishes to verify what has been written or read the text more fully.
Note: In-text citations are included in the word count as these are part of the body of the text.
There are two main ways to incorporate other people’s ideas into your work: direct quotations and
paraphrasing.
• Direct quotation is the exact use of an author’s own words. Short quotations must
be placed in quotation marks, and long quotations shown as specified in the ‘Long
quotations’ section. Page numbers must be provided.
• Paraphrasing is the rephrasing of an author’s ideas using your own words and
sentence structures without changing the original meaning, with a citation
identifying the original source. Page numbers (where possible) are recommended.
Generally, it is better to paraphrase than quote as paraphrasing demonstrates your understanding of
the content. Choose to quote when a paraphrase will reduce the impact of the information or when
the original wording is very well-known.
1.1.1 Direct quotation
A direct quotation is the exact use of an author’s words in both oral and written sources. However,
some adjustments can be made:
• The first letter of the first word can be changed to upper-case or lower-case to
better fit the sentence structure. Ellipsis (. . .) can be used to show where part of
the original quote has been omitted, to include only the information relevant to the
point you are making.
• Square brackets [ ] can be used to show where text has been inserted to make the
quote flow grammatically (See the first example under Long quotations)
Short quotations
A short quotation is incorporated into a sentence without disrupting the flow of the text, and quotation
marks are used. It includes the author’s surname, the year of publication and the page number(s), as
demonstrated in the following examples.
Source as part of the sentence
As Godfrey (2018, p. 52) advised, “the appropriate number of quotations to use will vary according to
the subject and type of assignment”.
OR
Source at the end of the sentence
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 5
“The appropriate number of quotations to use will vary according to the subject and type of
assignment” (Godfrey, 2018, p. 52).
Long quotations
Long quotations (of 40 words or more) have distinct formatting:
• The quote is set out as a separate block quotation, using a separate indented
paragraph, without quotation marks
• Single spacing is used
• All quotations must be grammatically correct and linked to the words that precede
them.
Citation as part of the sentence
Brick et al. (2017) explained that most lecturers expect their students to extend their learning beyond
the theories and concepts outlined in class, and that students will:
develop their own research and analytical skills, . . . learn to use the many sources of knowledge that
contribute to academic life, including books, journals and databases . . . and use the library and other
resources to deepen their understanding. [In so doing, students will] develop skills in identifying
relevant information and evaluating its relevance in relation to specific problems. (p. 60)
Note: The page number is placed at the end of the quote
OR
Citation at the end of the sentence
First, the formation of the joint teamwork is of ultimate importance to the relationships between
hotels, restaurants, and their suppliers. These hospitality firms should focus on the selection of
appropriate staff to serve as the joint team members, empower the team members with decisionmaking responsibility, and motivate them to work effectively on behalf of bilaterally organisational
interests. (Shi & Liao, 2013, p. 119)
Note: The punctuation is placed before the citation information
1.1.2 Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing refers to using an author’s ideas but expressing those ideas in your own words. The
author and year of publication must be provided to acknowledge any information you include which
has come from another source. APA 7 strongly recommends the provision of page numbers. The
abbreviation p. is used for a single page, and pp. is used for multiple page numbers.
There are several ways of integrating evidence in your writing. Following are two examples (adapted
from Morley-Warner, 2009, p. 91):
Source as part of the sentence
Bloggs (2007, p.87) suggested that students’ writing is clearer if the purpose of an
assignment is understood. Smith and Jones (2008, p. 76) have also emphasised the
connection between ‘metacognition and clarity of argument’.
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 6
Source at the end of a sentence
Understanding the purpose of an assignment and an awareness of structure may result in
clearer, more logical communication (Bloggs, 2007, p. 87; Smith & Jones, 2008, p. 76).
Note: The full stop comes after the brackets at the end of a short quote or a paraphrase but
before the brackets in long quotes.
Important note
APA 7 edition uses simple past tense or past perfect tense when discussing a researcher’s work.
Simple past tense refers to something that occurred in the past. Past perfect tense is used to make it
clear that one event happened before something else in the past. For example:
In her recent research, Barwyn (2020, p. 47) found (simple past tense) that X was a significant factor
in . . . , contradicting previous studies by Simpson (2006) and Collier (2004) which had found (past
perfect tense) that X was not a contributing factor.
1.2 Reference list
An important purpose of the reference list is to enable readers to locate sources. Therefore, details
must be consistent, correct and complete. Every in-text entry requires a related reference list entry
with the exception of personal communication (works that cannot be recovered by readers, such as
emails, telephone conversations, live speeches, unrecorded classroom lectures) and some classical
works.
A work is listed only once in the reference list, regardless of how many times it is cited in text.
Equally, every reference list entry requires at least one related in-text reference. Works not cited in
the text should not appear in the reference list.
The four main elements of a reference list entry are: author; date of publication; title; publication data.
| Reference list entries should: |
| • start on a separate page with the title References, at the top, centred and in bold • be listed alphabetically • use a hanging indent format, meaning that the first line of each reference lines up with the left margin, while the second and subsequent lines are indented (1.27cm) • be double spaced (without an extra space between each entry). |
Any image that is not your own work needs to be included in your reference list.
Retrieval dates are not required except for online information that is designed to change over time
and is not archived.
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1.3 What if
1.3.1 Referencing common knowledge
Certain terms and expressions which are considered ‘common knowledge’ within an academic field
and which are used regularly do not require referencing. It may take a short while in your field to be
sure what is considered ‘common knowledge’. If in doubt, include a reference to the source.
For example, it is common knowledge that chefs need to comply with national food regulations, so
this statement does not need to be referenced unless it is part of a broader argument made by an
author. Consider the sentence below.
The term ‘cross contamination’ is well known in the industry.
The term ‘cross-contamination’ would not require referencing as it is well known in hospitality.
Highlight the use of the generic expression by using single quotation marks (the first time you use it
but thereafter no quotation marks), rather than double quotation marks, which are used only for a
direct quote.
1.3.2 Referencing tables and figures
Every table and figure included in your assignment needs a caption (title or brief explanation). If the
table or figure is not your own work, it also requires an in-text citation. Figures include photographs,
artwork, maps, graphs, drawings, plots, and charts.
The caption for a table or figure should include:
• The word Table or Figure and a number (from 1, in numerical order), both in bold
font.
• A title or brief description of the table or figure in italics. Include an in-text citation
with author, date and page number if required.
• If any further information is needed to clarify contents in the image, add the word
Note. In the case of papers for publications, the copyright permission that has been
granted is added here. The word Note should be added in italics, followed by a full
stop.
You must refer to the table or figure within the text, e.g. “As seen in Figure 1 . . .” and include a
complete reference list entry.
Note that images from the Internet must be referenced. This includes photos, graphic artwork,
diagrams, and charts. All Creative Commons licences contain the Attribution element. This means
that you must acknowledge the creator of the work, a requirement under Australian copyright law. If
you use stock images, whether royalty-free or purchased, they should be attributed in accordance
with the licence agreement or terms and conditions of the source website. For more information
please refer to the Copyright Compliance and Intellectual Property Policy here:
https://www.torrens.edu.au/policies-and-forms
1.3.3 How do I reference when…
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 8
What if
| What if | In-text example | Reference list example |
| No author Sponsoring organisation as author (e.g. corporations, associations, government agencies) |
The names of groups are usually spelled out each time they appear in a text citation. If the name is long, you may abbreviate the second and subsequent citations. First citation: The World Health Organisation (WHO, 2005) stated . . . or . . . in the world (World Health Organisation [WHO], 2005). Subsequent citations: According to the WHO (2005), . . . or . . . in Asia (WHO, 2005). |
World Health Organization. (2005). Hospital care for children: Guidelines for the management of common illnesses with limited resources. Author. Provide the full name of the organisation in the reference list. If the author and publisher are the same, ‘Author’ can be used in place of the publisher. |
| No author no sponsoring organisation |
Use the first few words of the title (or the entire title if it is short) in place of an author name. Do not use anonymous. NB: the title is italicised in text. “Echinacea consists of the dried underground parts of . . .” (British herbal pharmacopoeia: Part 1, 1976, p. 73). or In the British herbal pharmacopoeia: Part 1 (1976, p. 73) it was claimed that . . . |
British herbal pharmacopoeia: Part 1. (1976). British Herbal Medicine Association. The title is moved to the author position (first element of the reference). Only capitalise the first word of the title and subtitle, if any, and proper nouns. |
| No date | Van Doorn (n.d., p. 200) described Weesp as a city. . . |
If no date is available, write n.d. (for ‘no date’) in the parentheses Van Doorn, H. H. (n.d.). Over the Vecht. Schiedam, The Netherlands: Scriptum Publishers. |
| Two authors | Use an ampersand (&) within the parentheses or ‘and’ when giving the authors’ names in the text. |
Crosby, R., & Salazar, L. (2006). Research methods in health promotion. Jossey-Bass. Put a comma before the ampersand in the reference list entry. |
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| Crosby and Salazar (2006, p. 40) suggested . . . or . . . (Crosby & Salazar, 2006, Chapter 3). |
||
| Three to twenty authors |
For all citations: use the first author’s name and et al. (meaning ‘and others’). Reinders et al. (2008, p. 175) stated . . . A recent publication (Reinders et al., 2008, p. 175) claimed . . . |
Reinders, H., Moore, N., & Lewis, M. (2008). The international student handbook. Palgrave MacMillan. All authors’ names are to be provided in the order in which they appear in the publication. Do not rearrange them alphabetically. Put a comma and an ampersand before the final author |
| More than twenty authors |
Use the first author’s name, followed by et al. Leggat et al. (2009, p. 35) proposed . . . |
List the first 19 authors in full, then use ellipsis (. . . ), then list the last author’s name Leggat, I. K., Hutchings, D., Poliness, S., Nemeth, T., West, A., Ngo, A., . . . Mascilongo, J. (2009). How to maximise the use of libraries in educational institutions. Victoria University Press. |
| Secondary reference (work cited in another source) |
Therapeutic massage is . . . (Anderson & Ramsdale, 2016, as cited in Burton, 2018, p. 77). Write the name of the original author(s) and date, ‘as cited in’ and the name of the author of the source your read, the date and page number. |
Burton, M. (2018). Therapeutic massage techniques. Penguin Books. Provide the details of the reference from where you sourced the information. |
| Multiple works (different authors) in the same citation |
Order the citations alphabetically by the author’s surname. Separate the citations with semi-colons. Research shows that by evaluating data and then improving some aspect of knowledge or practice . . . (Merriam-Webster, 2020, p. 426; Zickmund, 2000, p. 81) |
All authors’ name and full reference details need to be provided individually in alphabetical order in the reference list. |
| Multiple works by the same author and date |
To distinguish between the different works, add a lower case letter to the year, beginning with a, then b, then c and so on. NB. The suffixes are assigned in the reference list. In her first study Gorman, (2018a, p. 74) found this |
Gorman, K. (2018a). Health science research. Elsevier. Gorman, K. (2018b). Qualitative research in the health sciences. Mosby Elsevier. Order alphabetically by title, and then assign suffixes a, b, c etc. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 10
| to be true. However, her subsequent study (Gorman, 2018b, p. 23) contradicted . . . If no date, use a dash before the letter, e.g. n.d.-a |
||
| Multiple works by the same author with different years |
Give the name of the author(s) followed by the years of their studies in chronological order, separated by commas. Studies on design (Patel, 2017, p. 78, 2020, p. 90) have shown . . . |
Patel, P. (2017). Design and you. Coates Publishers Patel, P. (2020). Practical design. Coates Publishers. Order chronologically in the reference list. |
| Multiple works with same first author but different second or third authors |
First and subsequent in text citations: (Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010, p. 107) (Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Schooler, et al., 2010, p. 301) Normally we would abbreviate these two studies to the first name and ‘et al.’. However, this would result in two identical citations – (Marewski et al., 2010), so write out as many names as necessary to distinguish between the two. |
Arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author or, if the second author is also the same, the surname of the third author, and so on: Marewski, J. M., Gaissmaier, W., & Gigerenzer, G. (2010). Good judgements do not require complex cognition. Cognitive Processing, 11, 103-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339- 009-0337-0 Marewski, J. M., Gaissmaier, W., Schooler, L. J., Goldstein, D. G., & Gigerenzer, G. (2010). From recognition to decisions: Extending and testing recognition-based models for multi alternative inference. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 287-309. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.17.3.287 |
| Multiple works with different authors but the same surname |
Include the first initial in all in-text citations (even if the year of publication is different) to avoid confusion. . . . (I. Light, 2019, p. 34). OR A study by I. Light (2019, p. 34), . . . If the authors share the same surname and initial, provide the given name e.g. . . . (Paul Smith, 2020; Peter Smith, 2019). |
Arrange works alphabetically by first initial. Light, I. (2019). Illegal immigration: Managing networks and economic factors. Russell Sage Foundation. Light, M. A., & Light, I. (2018). Social and economic factors of increasing migration in South-East Asia. Journal of Migration Studies, 14, 73-82. If the authors share the same surname and initial, provide the given name in square brackets e.g. Smith, P. [Paul]. (2020). Dining out in the Festival City. Bell Printing House. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 11
| Author: single name (no initials) |
Sushil (2018, p. 188) confirmed that . . . |
Sushil. (2018). Managing lifetime wastivity. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 19(3), 187-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-018- 0194-8 |
| Translated works Cite in the language that you are reading it in. |
Tzu (2003, p. 61) claimed that . . . |
Tzu, L. (2003). Tao The Ching (J. Wu, Trans.). Shambhala. (Original work published 2000). Mention the translator after the title, along with the abbreviation ‘Trans.’ and include the date it was originally published. |
| Foreign works in Latin scripts |
Check with your lecturer if you can use foreign works first. . . . (Janzen & Hawlik, 2005). |
Follow the basic APA rules for a book, journal etc. Include an English translation of the title only in square brackets. Janzen, G., & Hawlik, M. (2005). Orientierung im Raum: Befunde zu Entscheidungspunkten [Orientation in space: Findings about decision points]. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 213(4), 179– 186. https://doi.org/10.1026/0044- 3409.213.4.179 |
| Foreign works in a non-Latin script (e.g. Chinese, Japanese, Russian, etc.) |
Check with your lecturer if you can use foreign works first. . . . (Motoki & Kurosawa, 1954). . . . (Najm, 1966). |
Names should be transliterated (converted) to a Latin script. Titles should be transliterated and translated to English. Motoki, S. (Producer), & Kurosawa, A. (Director). (1954). Shichinin no samurai [Seven samurai; motion picture]. Japan: Toho. Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Dar Al-Thaqafah. |
| Reprinted book | Cite both the original publication year and recent publication year. . . . (Smith, 1793/1976). |
Smith, A. (1976). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Chicago University Press. (Original work published 1793) |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 12
2.0 Referencing various sources
You can use Section 2.0 to create your own reference as follows:
1. Identify the type of source you need to reference (e.g. a journal article, a website, an image or other)
2. Use the index to locate the correct page
3. Use the example given as a model to create your own in-text and reference list citations
4. Pay careful attention to the spacing, capitalisation, use of italics and other formatting, as well as to providing all the required information
For further examples, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition (2020) or visit https://apastyle.apa.org/instructionalaids/reference-examples.pdf
Books / eBooks
| Books / e books |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Book | Authors must provide clear definitions of any terms used in academic writing (Godfrey, 2013, p. 6). Or Godfrey (2013, p. 6) emphasised the importance of . . . |
Godfrey, J. (2013). The student phrase book. Palgrave Macmillan. Only capitalise the first word of the title and subtitle (if any) and proper nouns. |
| Editions (second and subsequent) |
Debate and discussion are . . . (Brick et al., 2017, p. 111.) | Brick, J., Herke, M., & Wong, D. (2017). Academic culture: A student’s guide to studying at university (3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. (ed.) is used to denote edition. Note that the edition number is not |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 13
| *an edition number is not necessary for first editions |
italicised as it is not part of the title. | |
| Chapter in an edited book | Include authors in the order they appear in the chapter. Anti-inflammatory plant constituents have shown . . . (Polya et al., 2002, pp. 1-5). |
Italicise the title of the book (not the title of the chapter). Polya, G. M., Polya, Z., & Kweifio-Okai, G. (2002). Biochemical pharmacology of anti-inflammatory plant secondary metabolites. In D. K. Majumdar, J. N. Govil, & V. K. Singh, (Eds.), Series recent progressing medicinal plants, Vol 8 – Phytochemistry & pharmacology II (pp. 1-22). Stadium. NB: the authors of the chapter are written as ‘Author, A. A’. The editors are written ‘A. A. Author’. If the book is not the first edition, mention the edition number as follows: Palmer, F. (2007). Treaty principles and Maori sport: Contemporary issues. In C. Collins & S. Jackson (Eds.), Sport in Aotearoa/New Zealand society (2nd ed., pp. 307-334). Thomson. |
| Editor (single) | . . . (Porter, 1986, p. 99). | Porter, J. F. (Ed.). (1986). The control of human fertility (2nd ed.). Blackwell Scientific. Ed. is used to denote editor, ed. is used for edition. |
| Editors (two) | . . . (Cauchi & Young, 2018, p. 44). | Cauchi, N., Young, Y. L. (Eds.). (2018). The clinical pathology of the frontal lobe. Edward Publishing. Eds. is used to denote editors, and here the reference is to the whole book, not a particular chapter. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 14
| Editors (three or more) | If there are more than three editors you only need to put the first editor’s name followed by et al. which means and others. Skeletal muscle is defined as . . . (Sambrook et al., 2010, p. 19). |
Sambrook, P., Schrieber, L., Taylor, T., & Ellis, A. (Eds.). (2010). The musculoskeletal system (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. Eds. is used to denote editors. The above refers to the whole book. All editors’ names are to be provided in the citation in the order they appear in the publication. |
| e-book (without DOI) | . . . (Smith & Morton, 2020, p. 85). | Smith, M., & Morton, D. (2020). The digestive system (2nd ed.) Churchill Livingstone. https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-digestive system/smith/978-0-7020-3367-4 Add the URL when the DOI is not available. |
| e-book (with DOI) | . . . (Shipster & Reindersma, 2020, p. 26). | Shipster, W., & Reindersma, T. (2020). Agility in academia: The new normal? https://doi.org/ 10.1042/10452-000 |
| e-book (no page numbers) |
For short documents, count the paragraph number from the start of the document . . . (Smith, 2020, para. 3). For longer documents, use the heading plus a paragraph number within that section . . . (Jones, 2019, Discussion section, para. 3). For long headings, use a short title enclosed in quotation marks . . . (Wentworth, 2019, “Mandatory police checks”, para. 3). |
With DOI: Shipster, W., & Reindersma, T. (2020). Agility in academia: The new normal? https://doi.org/ 10.1042/10452-000 Without DOI: Smith, M., & Morton, D. (2020). The digestive system (2nd ed.) Churchill Livingstone. https://www.elsevier.com/books/the-digestive system/smith/978-0-7020-3367-4 |
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| e-book for specific electronic device |
Short (2020, p. 43) claimed . . . | Short, M. A. (2020). Addiction in Australia: A study of multiple dependency [DX Reader version]. http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.au/html/index.asp |
Journal articles
| Journal articles | In-text example | Reference list example |
| Journal article – print (= hard-copy) (with author) |
There are a number of practitioners who . . . (Wilkinson, 2018, p. 36). The growth of genetics in the future . . . (“Transplantation into the next century”, 1999, p. 1004). Shorten the title and enclose in quotation marks. |
Wilkinson, J. (2018). The internet as a research and information tool for health. Canadian Journal of Physiology, 6(2), 34-45. You only give a volume number and issue number if there is one (some journals will only have a volume number, some may have an issue number only and some may have the season recorded, or they may be in combination). All volume and or issue details are to be provided in the reference list as they appear in the publication. NOTE: Journal article titles are in sentence case. The name of the journal is capitalised and italicised. |
| Journal article – print (no author) |
Transplantation into the next century: Genetic engineering and xenotransplantation. (1999). Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 26(12), 53-64. |
| Volume (italics) |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 16
| Online journal – Full text with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Online journal – Full text without a DOI (when DOI is not available) |
. . . (O’Neill & Russell, 2019, p. 45) | O’Neill, R., & Russell, A. (2019). Stop! Grammar time: University students’ perceptions of the automated feedback program Grammarly. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(1), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.3795 Note: the DOI must be preceded by https:// and is written in lower case |
| This responsibility is heightened when . . . (Marsh & Campion, 2018, p. 215). |
Marsh, J. D. & Campion, J. (2018). Academic integrity and referencing: Whose responsibility is it? Journal of Academic Language and Learning, 12(1), 212-217. http://journal.aall.org.au/index.php/jall/article/view/546/299 Add the URL when the DOI is not available. |
Web pages
| Web pages | In-text example | Reference list example |
| Web page – with author Note: example is a pdf |
As Fitch (2005) claimed . . . | Fitch, P. (2005). Recovering body and soul from post-traumatic stress disorder. https://pamelafitch rmt.com/docs/soul.pdf |
| Web page (corporate/government author or sponsoring body) |
. . . (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2018). |
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2018). 33401.0 – Overseas arrivals and departures, Australia, Mar 2019. http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[email protected]/0/C5717BACF2EA231ACA25751A0019DBB7?OpenDocument |
| Web page (no date) | According to the Australian Institute of Sport (n.d.) . . . |
Australian Institute of Sport. (n.d.). Australian Sports Commission. www.ausport.gov.au/ais/ |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 17
| n.d. is used if no date is available. | ||
| Web page in general (not used as evidence for an argument) |
YouTube (www.youtube.com) is one of the most popular websites in the world. |
If referring to a website in general (rather than specific information), give only the URL in the text the first time you mention it. You do not need to include an entry in the reference list. |
| Blog Post | Paraphrase: The issue of sustainability in architecture . . . (katzsj, 2009). Use the screen name for the author of a post if the author has adopted one. Direct quote in text e.g.: “The vast majority of us have perfectly robust immune systems . . . ” (Newsome, 2011). |
katzsj (2009, February 11). Water bottles as a design tool [Blog post]. http://katzsj.wordpress.com/2009/02/11/waterbottles-as-a-design-tool/ Some bloggers have chosen to use a blog name using lower case. Newsome, B. (2011, March 10). Immune to science [Blog post]. http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/blogs/scepticscience/immune-to-science-20110309-1bn9m.htm The name of the blog itself is not part of the reference, although you can often see it in the URL. The title of the post is not italicised. |
| Blog comment | . . . (glamazon, 2015). | glamazon. (2015, October 23). Re: Cambodia – The tourist [Web log comment]. http://www.bigwordsblog.com/cambodia-the-tourist/#li-comment-52388 For a response to a post, use “Re:” followed by the title of the blog post. Also use the label [Blog comment]. Use the URL of the comment itself. To find this, click on the date stamp. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 18
Reports & standards
| Reports & standards |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Annual report – print | . . . (World Vision Australia, 2020). | World Vision Australia. (2020). Annual report 2019. Burwood East, NSW, Australia. If the author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher information to avoid repetition. |
| Annual report – online | . . . (World Vision Australia, 2019). | World Vision Australia. (2019). Leading with impact: Annual report 2019. https://www.worldvision.com.au/docs/default-source/annual-reports/wv annual-reports/annual-report-2019.pdf?sfvrsn=852ba03c_2 |
| Government report – |
. . . (Australian Government Department of Education and Training, 2014). |
Australian Government Department of Education and Training. (2014). Higher education report 2011-2013. Canberra, ACT, Australia. If the author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher information to avoid repetition. |
| Government report – online |
. . . (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2020). |
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2020). Australia’s health 2020. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/australias-health |
| Standard – print | . . . (Standards Australia, 1994). | Standards Australia. (1994). Information processing systems – Telecommunications and information exchange between systems – End system to intermediate system routing exchange protocol for use in conjunction with the protocol for providing the connectionless-mode network service (AS/NZS 3651:1994). Homebush, NSW, |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 19
| Australia: Author. If the author and publisher are the same, ‘Author’ can be used in place of the publisher. If a number is assigned to the publication, write that number in parentheses immediately after the title. |
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| Standard – online | . . . (Standards Australia, 2020). | Standards Australia. (2020). Safe use of medical electrical equipment in health care (AS/NZS 2500:2020). https://www.standards.org.au/standards catalogue/sa-snz/health/he-003/as-slash-nzs–2500-colon-2020 |
Social media
| Social media | In-text example | Reference list example |
| Facebook status – individual author |
Obama has confirmed that addressing climate change is a priority . . . (2016). |
Obama, B.. (2016, August 13). The Clean Power Plan is a significant step in combating climate change – and we need to keep moving forward [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/barackobama/photos /a.53081056748.66806.6815841748/10154073260291749/?type=3&theatre |
| Facebook status – group author |
Polio has recently resurfaced in Nigeria (World Health Organization, 2016). . . |
World Health Organization. (2016, August 12). We are deeply saddened by the news that 2 Nigerian children have been paralysed by polio. The Government of Nigeria has made significant strides to stop this paralysing disease in recent years. The overriding priority now is to rapidly immunize [Post]. Facebook.https://www.facebook.com/WHO/posts/1193450940700287 If the title is the content of the post use up to the first 40 words. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 20
| . . . (White Rabbit Gallery, 2020). | White Rabbit Gallery [@whiterabbitgallery]. (2020, October 20). Welcome to the official Instagram for #whiterabbitgallery The White Rabbit Gallery is open [Photograph]. Instagram.com/whiterabbitgallery/ OOObbbaaammmaaa,,, BBB… [[[BBBaaarrraaaccckkkOOObbbaaammmaaa]]]… (((222000000888,,, JJJuuulllyyy 111555)))… LLLaaauuunnnccchhheeeddd AAAmmmeeerrriiicccaaannn GGGrrraaaddduuuaaatttiiiooonnn IIInnniiitttiiiaaatttiiivvveee tttooo hhheeelllppp aaaddddddiiitttiiiooonnnaaalll 555 mmmiiillllll… AAAmmmeeerrriiicccaaannnsss gggrrraaaddduuuaaattteee cccooolllllleeegggeee bbbyyy 222000222000::: hhhttttttppp::://////bbbiiittt…lllyyy///gggcccTTTXXX777 [[[TTTwwweeeeeettt]]]… TTTwwwiiitttttteeerrr… Include Author, A.A. and then the screen name in square brackets. |
|
| Twitter – individual author |
President Obama announced the launch of the American Graduation Initiative (Obama, 2008). |
|
| Twitter – group author | . . . (Melbourne University, 2016). | Melbourne University [unimelb]. (2016, August 15). Liver cancer rates have tripled. Hepatitis C researchers urge: Get tested, get treated http://newsroom.melbourne.edu/news/get-tested-get-treated-hep-c researchers-urge … [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/unimelb/status/765017668122386432 |
| Linked in | . . . (Schiller Palmisano, n.d.). | Schiller Palmisano, N. (n.d.). LinkedIn [Profile page]. LinkedIn. Retrieved July 12, 2012, from http://www.linkedin.com/profile/edit?trk=hb_tab_pro_top It is not possible to tell what date a LinkedIn profile was published, so only the retrieval date is included. |
| Social media video | . . . (World Health Organization, 2016). | World Health Organization. (2016, August 13). Question and answer on polio [Video file]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/WHO/?fref=nf Italicise the title of the video. |
| http://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/2651151366 |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 21
| Social media image or graphic – with caption |
. . . (National Geographic Magazine, 2016). The photographer can be acknowledged in the text e.g. Michael Nichols photographed the sunrise . . . (National Geographic Magazine, 2016). |
National Geographic Magazine. (2016, August 3). Today’s top shot: The sun rises over the Merced River, which famously courses through Yosemite National Park and the Yosemite Valley. http://on.natgeo.com/2b05fuS [Photograph]. https://www.facebook.com/NGM/photos/a.406883368335.198383.72996268335/ 10154432737933336/?type=3&theater Use up to the first 40 words of the caption as the title. Do not italicise the title. |
| Social media image or graphic – without caption |
. . . (National Geographic Magazine, 2016). The photographer can be acknowledged in the text e.g. Charlie Hamilton James photographed . . . (National Geographic Magazine, 2016). |
National Geographic Magazine. (2016, May 18). [Young ocelot looks startled] [Photograph]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/NGM/photos/a.10150779166933336.469045. 72996268335/10154237159743336/?type=3&theater If the image contains no caption, provide a description of the item in square brackets. |
| Social media – photo album |
. . . (Time, 2014). | Time. (2014, May 1). https://www.facebook.com/time/photos/?tab=album&album_id= 10152029513376491 Time 100 Gala 2014 [Photo album]. Facebook. |
Personal communications
| Personal communications |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| An email (S. Johnson, personal communication, August 12, 2020) confirmed . . . | Do not include an entry in the reference list. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 22
| Interview | The company’s CEO confirmed during an interview that . . . (C. Castillo, personal communication, May 11, 2019). OR During an interview, CEO Christian Castillo stated that “profits have . . .” (personal communication, May 11, 2019). |
Do not include an entry in the reference list. |
| Letter | His gratitude was evident in a letter (B. Thompson, personal communication, January 1, 2018) |
Do not include an entry in the reference list. |
| Telephone call | The President’s statement was confirmed during a phone interview (K. Nott, personal communication, May 31, 2020) OR During a phone interview conducted on May 31, 2020, President Kathryn Nott stated that . . . |
Do not include an entry in the reference list. |
Lecture notes & class handouts
| Lecture notes & class handouts |
In-text example Check with your lecturer before referencing lecture notes. You may need to refer to primary sources. |
Reference list example |
| Lecture notes – print | . . . (Reed, 2020, p. 14). | Reed, M. (2020, February 20). [Lecture notes on human development]. Jensen Newman Institute, Torrens University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 23
| Class handouts | . . . (Jones, 2019). | Jones, L. (2019). CAM102C: [Class handout on Zingiber officinale]. Southern School of Natural Therapies, Torrens University, Fitzroy, Vic, Australia. |
| Lecture notes – online | . . . (Jacobs, 2018). | Jacobs, P. (2018). MGT101: Organisational discourse [PowerPoint slides]. Torrens University. https://laureate-au.blackboard.com/ik&jij |
| Notes taken during class | Notes taken in class should be considered ‘personal communication’. It is reported that . . . (A. Harman, personal communication, July 13, 2020). |
Do not include an entry in the reference list. |
Multi media
| Multi media | In-text example | Reference list example |
| YouTube (or other streaming video) |
(Khan Academy, 2016). See ‘Direct quotations from audio-visual material – timestamp’ for quotes/paraphrased material |
Khan Academy. (2016, July 14). Brexit and European Union primer [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbIgkcIfg0E |
| Motion picture | . . . (Spurlock, 2004). | Spurlock, M. (Producer & Director). (2004). Supersize me [Film]. Fortissimo Films. |
| DVD | . . . (Clarke, 2003). | Clarke, P. (Executive Producer), & Appel, G. (DVD Producer). (2003). Love is in the air [Film]. Australian Broadcasting Commission. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 24
| Television series | . . . (Kring, 2008). | Kring, T. (Producer). (2008). Heroes [TV series]. Seven Corporation. |
| Television series – episode | . . . (Davies & Walsh, 2019). | Davies, B. (Writer), & Walsh, F. (Director). (2019, June 23). Pepper. Episode 1) [TV series episode]. In F. Mirking & A. Turner (Producers). Pepper trees. ABC Studios. |
| Radio program | . . . (Williams & Vaux, 2009). | Williams, R. (Presenter) & Vaux, D. (Guest). (2009, December 20). A short history of cell deaths. [Radio broadcast]. In B. Seega (Producer), Ockham’s razor. ABC Radio National. |
| Radio program transcript | . . . (Smith, 1996, para. 3). | Smith, H. (1996). Medicine in Chaucer’s time [Transcript]. In Ockham’s Razer. ABC Radio National. http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/or110896.htm |
| Direct quotations from audio-visual material – time stamp |
Include a time stamp (in lieu of page numbers) to direct the reader to a specific point in the audio/video. Use the relevant part of the format HH:MM:SS. In the example below, the time refers to 17 seconds. Acceleration is the “change in velocity over time” (Khan Academy, 2011, 0:17). |
Khan Academy. (2011, June 13). Acceleration: One-dimensional motion [Video]. Khan Academy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOkQszg1-j8 |
| Podcasts (audio or video) | . . . (Van Nuys, 2007). | Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast]. http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/ Write [Video podcast] for video files. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 25
| Podcast episode | . . . (Glass, 2011). | Glass, I. (Host). (2011, August 12). Amusement park (No. 443) [Audio podcast episode]. In This American life. WBEZ Chicago. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio archives/episoed/443/amusement-park |
| Apps | Only include references if you have paraphrased or quoted from any software or app. The citation is similar to that of an edited book. If you used common software or mobile apps during your studies, simply give the proper name of the software or app along with the version number in the text, if relevant. . . . (Evans, 2019). |
Rights holder, A. A. (year). Title of Software or Program (Version number) [Mobile app]. Publisher. http://xxxxx Evans, C. (2019). Cycling tips for champions (Version 2.3) [Mobile app]. Google play store.https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.CA.Pomodor oTimer&hl=en |
| Music recording – song from CD |
The heartfelt song “Born to try” debuted at number three (Goodrem, 2003, track 1). . . . (Lavin, 2003). |
If the composer and recording artist are the same: Goodrem, D. (2003). Born to try. On Innocent Eyes [CD]. New York, NY: Epic Records. If the composer and recording artist are different: Lavin, C. (2003). A Christmas/Kwanzaa/Solstice/Chanukah/ Ramadan/Boxing Day song [Recorded by C. Lavin & the Mistletones]. On The runaway Christmas tree [CD]. West Chester, PA: Appleseed Recordings. Note the album title is italicised (not the song title). |
| Music recording – whole album (CD) |
. . . (Goodrem, 2003). | Goodrem, D. (2003). Born to try [CD]. New York, NY: Epic Records. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 26
| Music recording – song retrieved online |
. . . (Timberlake, 2016). | Timberlake, J., Martin, M., & Shellback. (2016). Can’t stop the feeling [Recorded by J. Timberlake]. On Trolls: Original motion picture soundtrack [MP3]. https://itunes.apple.com Note: Shellback is a single name. |
| CD-ROM | . . . (Maciocia, 2005). | Maciocia, G. (2005). The foundations of Chinese medicine [CD-ROM]. Beijing, China: Elsevier. |
Figures (incl. images)
| Figures (incl. images) |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| NOTE: A figure may be a chart, graph, photograph, drawing, or other illustration. | ||
| Artwork viewed in person |
Figure 1 Christina’s world |
Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Painting]. New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art. Include a description of the work of art (e.g. sculpture, painting) in square brackets. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 27
| Note. Tempera on panel by Wyeth (1948). |
||
| Artwork viewed online |
Figure 1 Christina’s world Note. Tempera on panel by Wyeth (1948). |
Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Image of painting]. http://www.moma.org/explore/collection/index |
| Artwork viewed in a book |
Figure 2 River at Argenteuil Note. Manet, River at Argenteuil, 1874 (Pool, 1973, p. 134). In the note include details you consider relevant e.g. title, artist, medium, attribution |
The reference entry is that of the book in which the artwork was viewed. Pool, P. (1973). Impressionism. Thames & Hudson. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 28
| Image from a website |
Figure 3 Piriformis stretch Note. The Daily Bandha (2010). Figure 4 Visualisation during pelvic floor exercises Note. Visualisation during pelvic floor exercises (“Radiating ripples”, n.d.). |
The Daily Bandha. (2010). Piriformis stretching in supta padangusthasana [Image]. http://www.dailybandha.com/2013/12/healing-with-yoga-piriformis-syndrome.html |
| Image from Google images |
Go to the original source by selecting the image and then clicking ‘Visit page’. Then follow the format above for images from a website. |
Follow the format above for images from a website. |
| Image from a website – no author and no date |
Radiating ripples [Image]. (n.d.). http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/divers28/10.htm Move the image title to the start of the reference. n.d. = no date. If there is no title, write a brief description of the image. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 29
| Image from Google Maps |
. . . (Google, 2015). | Google. (2015). Tin Can Bay QLD 4580 [Map]. http://maps.google.com.au/maps?q=tin+can+bay&hl=en&sll=- 37.817178,144.96124&sspn=0.076889,0.110378&hnear=Tin+Can+Bay+Queensland&t=m&z=11 |
| Image from a book (or journal article) |
Figure 5 Important childhood micronutrients Note. Important childhood micronutrients by Insel, Turner, and Ross (2007, p. 689). Include the page number in the in-text citation |
Insel, P., Turner, R. E., & Ross, D. (2007). Nutrition (3rd ed.). Jones and Bartlett Publishers. |
| Unpublished – in a personal collection i.e. you created the figure and it is not published |
Figure 6 Hot pot |
You do not need to include an entry in the reference list as the work has not been published. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 30
| Note. Hot pot, by Chiang Rai (2015, Personal collection). |
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| Image with approximate date |
Figure 7 Mona Lisa Note. Mona Lisa by Da Vinci, [ca. 1503]. |
Da Vinci, L. [ca. 1503]. Mona Lisa [Image of painting]. http://www.louvre.fr/en/mediaimages/portrait de-lisa-gherardini-epouse-de-francesco-del-giocondo-dite-monna-lisa-la-gioconda ca. (meaning circa) written before the year, and square brackets used instead of round brackets. |
| Figure (graph) – reprinted from a journal |
Figure 8 Functions of Japanese Note. Reprinted from “Japanese high school students’ use of L1 during pair work”, by P. Leeming, 2011, International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 21(3), p. 368. Copyright 2011 |
Leeming, P. (2011). Japanese high school students’ use of L1 during pair-work. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 21(3), 360-382. The reference entry is that of a journal – hard copy. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 31
| by the International Journal of Applied Linguistics. |
| Note: If the figure requires further explanation, include a ‘Note’ below the figure; this can be used for a legend, to include information needed to clarify the contents, or to include attributions. |
Tables
| Tables | In-text example | Reference list example |
| Note: Any illustration other than a table should be indicated as a figure. | ||
| Table/graph – book (reprinted) |
Table 1 Daily dosage of chromium DAILY DOSAGERDA Adults 0 – 0 0 μg/dayInfants 10-40 μg/day |
Osiecki, H. (2010). The nutrient bible (8th ed.). Bio Concepts Publishing. The reference entry is that of the book. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 32
| SR 100-300 μg/dayDeficiency limits2010, Bio Concepts Publishing. Copyright 2010 by Bio Concepts Publishing. |
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| Table/graph – book (adapted) |
Table 1 Daily adult dosage of chromium DAILY DOSAGERDA Adults 50-200 μg/daySR 100-300 μg/dayDeficiency limits2010, Bio Concepts Publishing. Copyright 2010 by Bio Concepts Publishing. |
Osiecki, H. (2010). The nutrient bible (8th ed.). Bio Concepts Publishing. The reference entry is that of the book. |
| Table – website (reprinted) |
Table 2 Oldest populations in Australia 2015 |
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Australia going greyer. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/ mediareleasesbyCatalogue/72D4A8F0C7957E85CA25 7A6A0012F5A0?OpenDocument The reference entry is that of the website. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 33
| Note. Reprinted from “Australia growing greyer”, by Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016, (http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/ mediareleasesbyCatalogue/72D4A8F0C7957E85CA25 7A6A0012F5A0?OpenDocument). In the public domain. |
Dictionaries (print & online)
| Dictionaries (print & online) |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Dictionary (print – no author) | As quoted “. . . ” (Concise English-Chinese Chinese-English dictionary, 2019, p. 78) . . . Italicise the title of the dictionary. |
Concise English-Chinese Chinese-English dictionary. (2019). Oxford University Press. |
| Dictionary (print – with author/editor) |
Blood pressure is defined as “. . .” (Weller, 2009, p. 85). | Weller, B. F. (Ed.). (2009). health care workers (25th ed.). Elsevier. Balliere’s nurses’ dictionary: For nurses and |
| Dictionary (online) | . . . (Cambridge dictionary, 2020). | Cambridge dictionary (2020). http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 34
| Specific entry in an online dictionary, no author or editor |
Heuristic is defined as “. . . .” (Heuristic, 2020). | Heuristic. (2020). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic |
Magazines (print & online)
| Magazines (print & online) |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Magazine article – print | . . . (Chamberlin, 2008, p. 26). | Chamberlin, J. (2008, May). Enhancing worker well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene to share their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5), 26-29. Include year, month (and day if applicable) |
| Magazine article – online | . . . (Hurley, 2013, para. 4). | Hurley, B. (2013, November). Crowdsourced design growing full steam as DesignCrowd clocks $10m in projects. Business Review Weekly. http://www.brw.com.au/p/entrepreneurs/crowdsourced_design_ growing_full_O0EIAAcOfReIg57LSnaARN |
Pamphlet/brochure (print & online)
| Pamphlet/brochure (print & online) |
In-text example | Reference list example |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 35
| Pamphlet/brochure – print | Case studies have shown . . . (BioRemedies, 2018, p. 9). | BioRemedies. (2018). Advancing professional recognition of alternative therapies [Pamphlet]. Queensland, Australia: BioRemedies. |
| Pamphlet/brochure – online | Asthma prevention is . . . (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006, para. 3). |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). You can control your asthma [Pamphlet]. http://www.cdc.gov/asthma/pdfs/asthma_brochure.pdf |
Newspapers (print & online)
| Newspapers (print & online) |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Newspaper article (with author) |
. . . (Russell, 2020, p. 15). | Russell, C. (2020, August 15). Uni’s appeal to graduates. The Advertiser, p. 15. Remember to include the year, month day. Italicise the name of the newspaper, not the article title. |
| Newspaper article (no author) | Shorten the title and enclose in quotation marks . . . (“Dexus to net”, 2016, p. 35). |
Dexus to net $664.5m for two properties. (2016, August 8). The Age, p. 35. |
| Newspaper article from an online newspaper Newspaper article from an online news web site |
Clun (2020) claimed . . . This year is expected to rank . . . (Golgowski, 2020) |
Clun, R. (2020, August 17). Hay fever and COVID-19 symptoms ‘difficult to untangle’ as pollen season looms. Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/national/hay-fever-and-covid-19- symptoms-difficult-to-untangle-as-pollen-season-looms-20200817- p55miv.html |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 36
| For an online article, give the URL for the home page only (because more specific web addresses may change or become inactive). Golgowski, N. (2020, August 24). 2020 is proving another disastrous year for our Earth’s climate. Huffpost. https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/2020-another-disastrous year-for-our-earth_n_5f3d8b59c5b66346157fd6e2?ri18n=true Note that the article title is in italics, not the website as this is only the platform. |
Theses (print & online)
| Theses (print & online) |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Thesis – print | Conclusions drawn about critical thinking . . . (Christianson, 2017, p. 59). |
Christianson, R. (2017). A study of the academic skills profession in Sloten. [Master’s thesis, The University of Weesp]. Brussels, Belgium. |
| Thesis – online | Falcao (2019, p. 3) identified . . . | Falcao, T. (2019). A proposition for a multilateral carbon tax treaty. [Doctoral dissertation, IBFD Doctoral Series 47]. http://www.ibfd.org/ |
| Thesis – unpublished | Falcao (2019, p.3) identified . . . | Falcao, T. (2019). A proposition for a multilateral carbon tax treaty. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation], University of XXXX. |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 37
Conference papers
| Conference papers |
In-text example | Reference list example |
| Conference paper |
. . . (Prayag & Ramjee, 2009, p. 133). |
Prayag, I. L., & Ramjee, R. (2009, October 5-7). The impact of Newcastle disease control on smallholder poultry production in Mauritius. In R. G. Alsers, P. B. Spadbrow, & M. P. Young (Eds.), Village chickens, poverty alleviation and the sustainable control of Newcastle disease: Proceedings of an international conference. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2010, 132-134. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Clarke, J. (2012), September 2-4). Creating digital multimedia texts. Four considerations, ten ideas, two projects [Conference paper]. ALEA National Conference 2012.Sydney, Australia. https://www.alea.edu.au/documents/item/501 |
| Conference paper – retrieved online |
Clarke (2012, p. 3) stipulated . . . |
Legislation & cases
| Legislation & cases |
In-text example | Reference list example |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 38
| Acts and Bills – Online | According to s. 15 of the Anti Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld). . . The Copyright Act 1968 prohibits . . . Note: usually the title and year is used instead of an author’s name According to s. 15 of the Anti Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld). . . |
General form for Acts: Short Title of the Act in italics Year in italics (Jurisdiction abbreviation) subdivision if relevant (Country abbreviation). Retrieval information Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15 (AU.). https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/legisltn/current/a/antidiscrima91.pdf |
| Acts and Bills | Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15 (AU.). Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) (AU.). |
|
| Cases | In the land rights case Mabo v. Queensland (1998) . . . or . . . in a famous land rights case (Mabo v. Queensland, 1998). Note that usually the title of the case and year is used |
General form for cases: Name v. name, Volume number Reporter abbreviation First page number (Country abbreviation). (Year). URL Mabo v. Queensland, 9166 CLR 186 (AU). (1998). URL |
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 39
References
American Psychological Association. (2013). What is a digital object identifier, or DOI?
http://apastyle.org/learn/faqs/what-is-doi.aspx
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
The bluebook: A uniform system of citation (20th ed.). (2015). Harvard Law Review Association.
Board of Studies Teaching and Education Standards NSW. (n.d.). A glossary of key words.
http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/syllabus_hsc/glossary_keywords.html
Cottrell, S. (2008). The study skills handbook. Palgrave Macmillan.
Jordan, R. R. (1992). Academic writing course. Nelson ELT.
Reinders, H., Moore, N., & Lewis, M. (2008). The international student handbook. Palgrave
Macmillan.
Skills for Learning. (2018). Guide to assignment task words. University of Wolverhampton.
http://www.jmtxzbcm.com/lib/media/departments/lis/skills/study-guides/LS010-Guide-toAssignment-Task-Words.pdf
Torrens University Australia. (2020). Academic Integrity Policy. https://www.torrens.edu.au/policiesand-forms
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 40
Appendix A. Referencing when information is missing.
Table A1
Creating a reference when information is missing:
| Missing element | Solution | Template | |
| Reference list | In-text | ||
| Page number(s) | (Author, year). | ||
| Author | Provide title, date and source |
Title. (Year). Source. | (Title, year, page number) |
| Date | Provide author,’ n.d.’ (for no date), title, source |
Author. (n.d.). Title. Source. |
(Author, n.d., page number) |
| Title | Provide the author and date, describe the work within square brackets, then provide the source. |
Author. (Year). [Description of work]. Source. |
(Author, year, page number) |
| Author and date | Provide the title, write ‘n.d.’ (for no date), then provide the source |
Title. (n.d.) Source. | (Title. n.d., page number) |
| Author and title | Describe the work within square brackets, then provide the date and source |
[Description of work]. (Year). Source. |
([Description of work], year, page number) |
| Date and title | Provide the author, ‘n.d.’ (for no date), describe the work within square brackets, then provide the source |
Author. (n.d.). [Description of work]. Source. |
Author. (n.d.), page number |
| Author, date and title | Describe the work within square brackets, write ‘n.d.’ (for no date) |
[Description of work]. (n.d.). Source. |
([Description of work], n.d.), page number |
| Source | Cite as a personal communication or use another source to cite |
No reference list entry | (C.C. Communicator, personal communication, month, day, year) |
Note. Adapted from American Psychological Association (2020, p. 284).
APA 7 Torrens University Referencing Guide 122020 – 41
Appendix B. Common abbreviations in references
A number of abbreviations are commonly used in referencing. See the table below for the
abbreviated and full forms.
Table A2
Common abbreviations used in references
| Abbreviation | Book or publication part |
| ed. | edition |
| Rev. ed. | revised edition |
| 2nd ed. | second edition |
| Ed. (Eds.) | editor (editors) |
| Trans. | translator(s) |
| Narr. (Narrs.) | narrator (narrators) |
| n.d. | no date |
| p. or pp. | page (singular) or pages (plural) |
| para. (paras.) | paragraph (paragraphs) |
| Vol. (Vols.) | volume (volumes) |
| No. | number |
| Pt. | part |
| Tech. Rep. | Technical report |
| Suppl. | supplement |
Note. Adapted from American Psychological Association (2020, pp. 306-307).
