Abstract
The present study aims to test the hypothesis that the experimental treatment is better than the control treatment at improving the mechanism and decreasing symptoms of panic disorders in individuals who are substance abusers.
The Public Health Significance Section (PHS)
According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5), panic disorders make patients experience hardship during unnecessary periods. This means that patients with panic disorders develop a fear of situations when there are little or no dangers related to the events around them (APA, 2013). Machado et al. (2017) provide that promote or increase patients’ vulnerability to cardiovascular disease and complications. As a result, patients with the disorder may experience trauma, stroke, or heart attack in severe events, leading to death. Further, Machado et al. ‘s (2017) study shows that panic disorder patients may develop phobic anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and anxiety issues. Hence, untreated or prolonged panic disorders make patients susceptible to mental and physical health complications. APA (2013) also indicates that Panic disorder is life-threatening. Therefore, patients with the disease should seek medical assistance before the situation worsens, affecting their quality of life and general health.
Afsin et al. (2020) and APA (2013) indicate even though panic disorders are diagnosable using the DSM-5, the illness lacks warning signs for first-time patients. Besides, the disease lacks warning symptoms among patients with a medical history of panic disorders. Hence, the condition is risky for patients in critical jobs such as driving, piloting, and plant operating, and doctors who need to be attentive while at work. During panic attacks, Greenslade et al. (2017) provide that patients may experience symptoms not limited to difficulty breathing, chest pain, and drowsiness. Besides, panic disorder patients may experience fluttering or fast heartbeats. Consequently, these three significant symptoms may promote sweating, headaches, numbness, and abdominal cramping (Greenslade et al., 2017). Moreover, APA (2013) shows that patients with panic disorders may feel detached from people and events around them.
Naveed et al. ‘s (2020) statistics show that nations in south Asian sections have a high prevalence of panic disorders. For instance, nearly 0.01% of the South Asian population suffers from panic disorders. Hence, for every 100 people in South Asian nations, 1 has panic disorders. This means that the region needs urgent public health reforms to promote mental health and reduce the prevalence of panic disorders.
Jha et al. (2019) show that the prevalence rate of panic disorders is increasing globally. In Nepal, the prevalence of panic disorders increased to 1%. The figure illustrates that for every person affected with panic disorder, the risks of developing other mental and physical illnesses are high (Jha et al., 2019). Further, patients with the disease also experience difficulties related to life impairments. Jha et al. (2019) also highlight that the factors that promote disease prevalence in Nepal include substance abuse and dependency on alcohol.
Perna and Caldirola’s (2018) study indicates that failure to treat panic disorders leads to physical impairment. The condition damages parts of the body system or organ, which humans depend on for standard functionality. This interferes with the normal functioning of the patient’s body, such as walking, pulling, pushing, or carrying objects (Perna & Caldirola, 2018). Besides, panic disorders may promote balance loss among patients, leading to accidents when patients ride or drive motorcycles or bicycles.
According to Perna and Caldirola (2018), physical impairment because of panic disorders may promote mental issues among patients. For instance, patients may experience low self-esteem, loss of self-love and confidence. Besides, the situation may promote social withdrawal among patients, tempering with the everyday communal lives (Perna & Caldirola, 2018). This implies that patients with chronic or prolonged panic disorders may need counseling to restore their confidence and manage emotional changes and issues they experience.
According to Petrowski et al. (2018), panic complications may enhance patients’ vulnerability to stress disorder. This is because patients develop worry that they are losing control over fear and anxiety. In the end, this may increase the risks of developing depressive disorders among patients with panic issues (Petrowski et al., 2018). In this case, Petrowski et al. (2018) provide that psychiatrists should manage patients’ conditions using stress management pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods.
The primary risk factor of panic disorder relevant to the study is substance abuse. de Jonge et al. (2018) illustrate that substance abuse promotes panic disorder. Therefore, the more a person uses substances such as alcohol, the higher the chances of developing the panic disorder (Cackovic et al., 2020). This implies that the best method of controlling panic disorders related to substance abuse is treating addiction. Besides, Taylor et al. (2021) depict that terminating drug use is also viable in controlling panic disorders caused by substance abuse.
According to Arora et al. (2016), college students are susceptible to substance issues. Hence, the population group is also vulnerable to panic disorders because of drug use. Arora et al. (2016) indicate that nearly 21% of college students have drug abuse behaviors. Thus, the study implies that nearly 21% of college students are more likely to develop panic disorders.
` Kovess-Masfety et al. (2016) prove that nearly 16% of college students have panic attacks, panic disorders, or anxiety issues. These problems result from the high prevalence of substance abuse among college students. This is evident from Auerbach et al.’s (2016) study that shows nearly 51% of college panic attacks cases are related to substance abuse. Hence, the abuse of drugs increases their vulnerability to panic attacks and related illnesses such as anxiety.
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