Please write a (LITERATURE REVIEW) and (DISCUSSION) based on the information provided.
Topic: The effect of heat on aggression Hypothesis: Heat will increase aggression Independent Variable: Heat Dependent Variable: Aggression References:
Anderson, C. (1989). Temperature and aggression: ubiquitous effects of heat on occurrence of human violence. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 74-96.
Anderson, A.A., & Bushman, B.J. (2002). Human Aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27-51. Bushman BJ. 1995. Moderating role of trait aggressiveness in the effects of violent media on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 950–60.
Shaughnessy, J.J., Zechmeister, E.B., & Zechmeister, J.B. (2015). Research methods in psychology. (10th ed.) McGraw-Hill.
Biemer, P. P., Groves, R. M., Lyberg, L. E., Mathiowetz, N. A., & Sudman, S. (Eds.) (2013). Measurement errors in surveys (Vol. 548). John Wiley & Sons. Anderson, C. A. (1989). Temperature and aggression: ubiquitous effects of heat on the occurrence of human violence. Psychological Bulletin, 106 (1), 74. Sample: 60 adults (30 male, 30 females; ages 20 – 40, mean = 30; 60% Caucasian, 20% African American, 10% Hispanic, 5% Asian, 5% Other) gathered from various states on the east coast.
Operationalized IV: Temperature Operationalized
DV: Number of punches Procedure: Before commencing the data collection process, the instruments for data collection were tested for validity and reliability. This was done by conducting piloting in the neighboring health centers and the few households that were neighboring the study area. Biemer et al. (2013) argue that one of the critical components of error in the survey is the questionnaire’s errors. These errors are associated with the difference in the responses between the participant and the interviewer. The errors may also originate from the questionnaire through the wording, question formatting, and ordering the question. These errors can be corrected by piloting and finding out aspects that the participants were not well understood. The researcher then sought the approval of the ethical team. Then we filled in the consent form, which the ethical committee then approved. The consent stated that, and I quote, “all information provided shall be kept confidential and used only for the research.” Obtaining consent ensures that the participant is made aware of the purpose of the type of data being collected and the purpose of the study. Design: a) experimental, b) between-subjects, c) non-blinded
Once the consent was obtained, the sample population was selected from various east coast region states. The sample population was clustered into two groups of 30 adult males and 30 adult females. Their ages ranged from 20 to 40 years. From this sample size, 60 percent were Caucasians, 20 percent African American, 10 percent Hispanic, 5 percent Asian, and the remaining 5 percent from other ethnic groups around the east coast region. Finally, the study operationalized the two variables to have measurable observations. For response variables, the number of punches was ranked on 5-point scales such that 5 represented the highest number of scales to 1, which is the lowest. Similarly, the temperature was operationalized by giving a range between 25-30, 30-40, and 45-50. These variables were adequate measures of aggressiveness as temperature varies (Anderson, 1989). Results: Using the t-test statistical analysis method when comparing the means of the two given variables as it relates to the hypothesis: (Heat will increase aggression). An independent t-test can be used to compare two distinct independent variables Group 1 Hot temperature, and Group 2 Cold Temperature. The use of this method will provide or show statistical measurements/similarities based on two different means, then we can determine or find the significant differences and or similarities based on the number of times each participant used aggression during the hot and cold temperatures. The means of two samples or populations can be measured by using an equal variance 2-sample t-test. (Shaughnessy et al., 2015, p. 202) states “most often researchers will use a t-test or F-test, when there are two levels of the independent variable.” Each value of a t-or F-test has a probability value associated with it when the null hypothesis is assumed (Shaughnessy et al., 2015, p. 202).
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