Use the nycflights13 package and the flights data frame to answer the following questions: 1.1 What month had the highest proportion of canceled flights (the arr_delay variable is NA)? What month had the lowest? Plot the proportion of canceled flights each month and interpret any seasonal patterns. (8 points)

Part One – small questions

Use the nycflights13 package and the flights data frame to answer the following questions:

1.1 What month had the highest proportion of canceled flights (the arr_delay variable is NA)? What month had the lowest? Plot the proportion of canceled flights each month and interpret any seasonal patterns. (8 points)

1.2 What plane (specified by the tailnum variable) traveled the most times from New York City airports (JFK, LGA or EWR) in 2013? Plot the number of trips per week. (8 points)

Use the Lahman package and the Teams data frame to answer the following questions:
1. Define two new variables in the Teams data frame: batting average (BA) and slugging percentage (SLG). Batting average is the ratio of hits (H) to at-bats (AB), and slugging percentage is total bases divided by at-bats. To compute total bases, you get 1 for a single, 2 for a double, 3 for a triple, and 4 for a home run. (8 points)

2.2 Display the top 15 teams ranked in terms of slugging percentage in MLB history. Repeat this using teams since 1969. (8 points)

2.3 Create a factor called election that divides the yearID into four-year blocks that correspond to U.S. presidential terms (from 1788 to 2017). During which term have the most home runs been hit? (Hint: seq function) (5 points)

Using the storms data frame from the nasaweather package:

Create a scatterplot between wind and pressure, with color being used to distinguish the type of storm. You might notice there are lots of overlapping data points in the scatterplot due to a comparatively large sample size, How would you improve your visualization? (5 points)

Using the whately_2015 data frame from the macleish package:

Create a data graphic that displays the average temperature over each 10-minute interval (temperature) as a function of time (when). Show both connected line and fitted line (8 points)

Suppose you are rolling two fair dies with success defined as getting a total value 4. If you roll two dies independently for eight times: (10 points)

3.1 What is the probability of observing exactly five successes (five total value 4s) in total? (calculated by hand)

3.2 Use R to confirm the result of Pr(X=5) for the die-roll example.

3.3 Plot the corresponding full probability mass function for X for this die-rolling example.

Part Two – small projects

COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 outbreak was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March (Wikipedia). Organizations worldwide have been collecting data so that the government can monitor and learn from this pandemic. You will use the dataset ‘time_series_covid_19_confirmed.csv’ from LMS to explore the COVID-19 data. (20 points)

Note: This data set details can be found via https://www.kaggle.com/sudalairajkumar/novel-corona-virus-2019-dataset#time_series_covid_19_confirmed.csv;

Your data analysis should include but not limited to the answers to the following questions:

Create a clear bar chart that displays the latest number of COVID-19 cases of the top 10 countries. Consider how to improve the quality and aesthetics of your visualization.
Visualize the confirmed cases worldwide from January to March.
Visualize the confirmed cases of COVID-19 in China and the rest of the world from January to March. Can you relate the main changes observed from the plot with the landmark events such as WHO declared a pandemic?
Add a smooth trend line using linear regression to measure how fast the number of cases is growing in China after 15 February 2020. How does the rest of the world compare to linear growth?
Raise at least one question from your own regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and find answers using the given dataset.

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Exploration of the bitcoin cryptocurrency market

After Bitcoin was launched in 2009, hundreds of similar projects based on the blockchain technology have emerged. Currently, Bitcoin is the world’s largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization. Meanwhile, the cryptocurrency market is exceptionally volatile and can make you lose all the money easily. You will use the dataset ‘cryptocurrency_market_2017.csv’ from LMS to explore the bitcoin cryptocurrency market.

Your data analysis should include but not limited to the answers to the following questions: (20 points)

Are there any cryptocurrencies listed in this dataset that have no known market capitalization (market_cap_usd)? If yes, they can be removed from the dataset.
Bitcoin has the largest market capitalization. Let’s compare Bitcoin with the rest of the cryptocurrencies. You can visualize the percentage of market capitalization for the top 10 coins as a barplot. Consider how to improve the plot to make it easier to read and convey more information.
Let’s explore the volatility of the cryptocurrencies market. You can select and plot the top 10 (sort by percent_change_24h in ascending order) coins’ 1 hour (percent_change_1h), 24 hours (percent_change_24h) and 7 days percentage change (percent_change_7d).
Design the bar plots to best display the daily and weekly biggest gainers and the biggest losers in market capitalization.
In general, cryptocurrencies with smaller capitalization are less stable projects, and therefore even riskier investments than the bigger ones. Following the Investopedia’s large capitalization definitions (https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bitcoin.asp), let’s find out the coins with large capitalization.
Raise at least one question from your own regarding the bitcoin cryptocurrency market and find answers using the given dataset.