SOLUTION: student’s ability to locate and use credible sources

The main product of this course is a 10-15 page research paper. This paper will demonstrate a student’s ability to locate and use credible sources, to read critically, to use correct standard English, and to synthesize material in order to construct a well-supported argument in favor of a proposition or position. This assignment will be completed in stages as indicated below, and thus will be the culmination of the work done throughout the term. Proposal- DONE Annotated Bibliography- DONE Outline with Thesis Statements- DONE Introduction Section- DONE Literature Review- DONE Thesis- DONE Discussion Final Bibliography AbstractFirst DraftSecond Draft, if neededFinal Draft Chase Stein Professor Delong ENG 1102 09 February 2021 Research Proposal The main issue I am researching is why can people who are 65 or older get the COVID-19 vaccine before other people? I understand that the elderly population is more susceptible to catching it than the younger population, but no matter how old or young you are, you can still be infected with the virus. I will attempt to explain more about why I think everyone who is of age and, who is able to make the decision themselves should be able to get the COVID-19 vaccine, not just people who are 65 or older. This topic is relevant in my life as I am a travel nurse stationed in the state of California at this time, administering the COVID-19 vaccine. At my vaccination site, we are only administering the Pfizer vaccine and we are only accepting patients 65 and older. I know that the younger population will eventually be able to get the vaccine, but why do they have to wait? Why aren’t they producing enough vaccines for everyone, not just the elderly population. Annotated Bibliography Chase Stein Fairmont State University ENGL 1102 026 Professor Delong 24 February 2021 The annotated bibliography has been created with the focus on Covid-19 impact on older people, above the age of 65 and why they have got the vaccine earlier than the other people. Though the coronavirus tends to affect the more for the older and ageing population group, still whatever be the age, everyone could get impacted by the virus. Thus, it is crucial to manage good number of supplies for meeting the demands of everyone regardless of the age. Reiter, P. L., Pennell, M. L., & Katz, M. L. (2020). Acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among adults in the United States: How many people would get vaccinated?. Vaccine, 38(42), 6500-6507. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.043] The authors and researchers of the article provided an insight into the acceptability of Covid-19 vaccine according to the survey analysis for the older people as well as the young adults in US. Approach into contextualisation of data and information, based on the survey highlighted the fact that the willingness of participants has been dependent upon whether the healthcare service provider recommend the vaccine to them or not and also the likelihood of getting infected by the coronavirus in the future (Reiter, Pennell & Katz, 2020). The authors also emphasized on the fact that the first list of individuals to be accepted for gaining the use of Covid-19 vaccine are the older individuals, as they perceive higher likelihood of getting infected, though it the acceptability must be monitored during the continuity of vaccine production. Mention have been made about how just like older people, the young individuals might also get affected by the virus, which requires prominent monitoring of the acceptability standards and to ensure that all the parameters are checked to ensure accessibility for all, young or old, with continues focus on increasing production of vaccine. Malik, A. A., McFadden, S. M., Elharake, J., & Omer, S. B. (2020). Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the US. EClinicalMedicine, 26, 100495. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100495] From the source, presented by Malik et al. (2020), the Covid-19 vaccine has been made available for 78 percent of older adults aged above 55, when compared to young adults, which is quite high. The authors also highlighted that the major concern has been the production of vaccine. Once, it is done to meet the huge demands, it would be equally provided to all, regardless of their age. They also mentioned about, just as the older individuals have the acceptance of this vaccine much more than the younger individuals, it is equally important to provide vaccines to the young individuals, so as to protect the older age group and the unvaccinated. As soon as the vaccinated person do not get infected, they have also provided indirect protection to the older people. But, as the vaccine production and delivery has been possible only since the beginning of 2021, the production has not been sufficient to meet end demands of all. Thus, from this source, the authors have shed light on the determinants of vaccine acceptance and how older people are a major part of the acceptability standards, due to weaker immune system that the young adults. Mahase, E. (2020). Covid-19: Moderna vaccine is nearly 95% effective, trial involving high risk and elderly people shows. BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online), 371. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4471] According to Mahase, (2020), 94.5% of the moderna vaccine have been effective in the phase 3 trial. The trial revealed high risk chronic risk for the elderly people under 65 years of age. Diversity prevailed in the samples on whom the trials were experimented. The efficiency of moderna vaccine is placed on a higher pedestal as compared to the Covid-19 vaccine. It is striking to note that the article fails to produce any concrete results of the application of vaccine. It can be argued that the inspections of monitoring board, occurring in placebo group, is something to be praised in terms of providing the service users with the choice of vaccines in the upcoming months. The benefits of moderna vaccine, if properly communicated, can be an exemplar in curing the chronic ailments of the elderly people. The plan of improving the logistics to improve the logistics in inventory and storage options of the vaccine in 70 degree Celsius. The source is relevant in the current stage, as Mahase picks up a current topic to discuss the predicament, when the common people are struggling to gain a concrete answer towards maintaining the immunity. Comparing with the arguments of Zhu et al., (2020), one of the striking issues is the absence of any security measures for the trials yet, which affirms the uncertainties towards preparing the immunity of the elderly people to deal with crisis as compared to the young adults. Increasing the global supply of the vaccines, through export strategy, would enable the people over 65 years to get cure for the crisis like Covid-19. This aspect expands the scope and arena of the crisis management through globalization. Poudel, A., Lau, E. T., Deldot, M., Campbell, C., Waite, N. M., & Nissen, L. M. (2019). Pharmacist role in vaccination: Evidence and challenges. Vaccine, 37(40), 5939-5945. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.060] Vaccines are the most effective prevention against the infectious diseases, like that of Covid-19, which is now a global crisis. According to the arguments of Poudel et al., (2019), vaccines have prevented approximately 2.5 million deaths. Vaccination provision is one of the most important duties of the healthcare professionals like traveler nurse. These nurses receive training for providing the clients with the vaccine in right amount, according to the prescriptions of healthcare professionals. The arguments by Poudel, regarding the strategic approach to deal with the barriers, is justified, as the service users, especially the elderly population, depend on the nurses for getting the proper medication to get cured. This argument, upholded by the source is relevant for the elderly people, on which the nurses are to be more careful. Administration of the vaccines are necessary for the nurses to ensure that the proportion of the ingredients are accurate and are stored in the right place. In a comparison between the opinions of Poudel and Matrajt et al., (2020), Poudel is the spokesperson for the current generation, that is the elderly population, who is suffering the most from the global crisis, Covid-19. The role of the nurses, pharmacists are very much important for delivering the right medication to the patients, especially the ones belonging to the age group of over 65 years as compared to the young adults. The source is relevant, as it highlights the importance of providing reliable information by the nurses. This reliability makes Poudel a follower of ethical considerations in the healthcare management. In the arguments, it can be asserted that the more the nurses are ethical, the easier it seems to establish rapport with the clients, building trust, loyalty, and dependence. Reiter, P. L., Pennell, M. L., & Katz, M. L. (2020). Acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among adults in the United States: How many people would get vaccinated? Vaccine, 38(42), 6500-6507. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.043] The source highlights the uncertainties, which prevailed around the emergence of Covid-19 vaccine. The people willingly participated in the experiments, surveys, and assessments, which revealed their interest and desperation to get rid of such tragic situation. The revelations of Reiter, Pennell, and Katz, (2020) are inclined towards the preference of 69%, who are willing to get the vaccine. In this context, the preference of prescription by healthcare provider is high for getting the vaccines. Political influences are also reflected to have moderate impact on the people getting the vaccines for getting cured. In this context, arguments can be asserted for the fact that political power influence should not be displayed in the process of vaccination, as it involved the security of common interest in the humanitarian grounds. The estimations of being affected in future is also one of the main causes for getting the vaccines. This estimation makes the source highly relevant as the people are in fear of securing their future in terms of health issues, not only for themselves, but also for their near and dear ones. As a comparison with the opinions of Morley and Vellas, (2020), some of the people, mostly the elder population, are concerned about side effects, reflected less likeliness for receiving the vaccines. This negative response is something contrary to the mentality of the people, majority of which are desperate to get the vaccines. However, as the target audience is the people of 65 years, therefore, the article is relevant, as the likeliness for getting the vaccines are more among the adults than the younger people. The scientists’ arguments adds to the relevancy of the source, regarding having a healthy lifestyle for the young people to curb the infection rates, still being careful with the elderly people. Koff, W. C., & Williams, M. A. (2020). Covid-19 and immunity in aging populations—a new research agenda. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(9), 804-805. [10.1056/NEJMp2006761] Based on the journal information, Koff & Williams (20200) have shed light on the massive negative impacts caused by Covid 19 on the population, especially the older adults, i.e., aged above 65 years. The health conditions deteriorate with the ageing and it often include obesity, cardiac diseases, cancers, metabolic diseases, which are often coupled with their immune system. From the journal, the authors’ statements clearly highlight the fact that though the maximum of severe illness or disease have been possessed by the ageing adults, i.e., people aged above 60 years, whose immune systems are weak and more susceptible to diseases. Here the focus has been on the implementation of new strategies for the prevention of disease and mitigate or control the disease outspread among the older population group. The ageing population groups have been more vulnerable to diseases and due to this, the death rate is also high, which has become a major challenge to produce the vaccines and therapeutic agents. Comparisons can be developed with the arguments of Matrajt et al., (2020), according to which, it has also been found that the vaccine efficiency also gets reduced and it creates little impact, when compared to the vaccine, applied to a young adult. Thus, the increase in global ageing has massively created challenges and created risks by making people above 60 years more vulnerable to the diseases. The authors of this information source have also emphasized on how focus should be more on investments in usage of resources to improve the human immune system fo the vulnerable aged population group, rather than the research associated with the disease specific solutions. Mueller, A. L., McNamara, M. S., & Sinclair, D. A. (2020). Why does COVID-19 disproportionately affect older people? Aging (Albany NY), 12(10), 9959. [10.18632/aging.103344] According to Mueller, McNamara & Sinclair (2020), the severity and effects of the COVID-19 19 virus are hugely dependent upon the age of the patients. Most of the individuals, whose age are over 65 years have been hospitalised and have higher risks of death, when compared to other individuals aged below 60 years. With the comorbidities increasing with the growing age, the individuals experience cardiac diseases, obesity, diabetes, etc., which automatically has weakened their immune system, thus, made them more vulnerable to the risks of coronavirus. The virus has affected this weak immune system and created cough, high fever, cytokine syndrome and ultimately organ failure and death. The rate of mortality also tends to remain much lower, as much as 0.6 percent, due to which, the older population with comorbidities are more at risks to the coronavirus. The authors like that of Mueller, McNamara & Sinclair (2020), have done in-depth research to determine how during the COVID-19 19 impact, the vital body signs among the older age group gets reduced, which could often make them get into mental shock, hyper activation of the immune system along with rapid inflammatory signalling, which represent affecting the heart, kidneys, lungs and brain. It is prominent that the age-related changes and comorbidities often increased the chances of the COVID-19 19 susceptibility, which represented the disproportionate impact on older people, being affected by the coronavirus (Morley and Vellas, 2020). Bubar, K. M., Reinholt, K., Kissler, S. M., Lipsitch, M., Cobey, S., Grad, Y. H., & Larremore, D. B. (2021). Model-informed COVID-19 vaccine prioritization strategies by age and serostatus. Science. [https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2021/02/01/science.abe6959.full] The article presented by Bubar et al. (2021) depicted how there have been concerns related to the prioritisation of doses that are available for people. The authors and researchers have carried out statistical method and used mathematical model to make comparison of the strategies that reflect availability of the vaccine based on stratification of age. The authors also stated about the vaccine to block further transmission of the disease, which has been aimed at the adults aged from 20 years to 49 years to reduce the cumulative incidence. It is a fact that the mortality and years of life that were lost have been reduced to a large extent considering the fact, when the vaccine has been targeted or made available to the adults aged above 60 years. Though the vaccine availability has been managed with reduction of inequities, it has though remained consistent, based on the speed of rollout of vaccines, rate of transmission, etc. The age-stratified model has been used here to determine the impact of the prioritisation of vaccines, which also laid foundation to the level of susceptibility, mortality and severity. Zhu et al., (2020) have highlighted on a comparative note, the importance of YLL, mortality rate and cumulative incidence to prioritise on the vaccines provided to the children, young adults aged from 20 to 49 years and people above the age of 60. From the article, it is also clear that vaccines must be provided to everyone, irrespective of their ages and around 70 percent of people have already been considered as qualified for acquiring the vaccine dosage. References Bubar, K. M., Reinholt, K., Kissler, S. M., Lipsitch, M., Cobey, S., Grad, Y. H., & Larremore, D. B. (2021). Model-informed COVID-19 vaccine prioritization strategies by age and serostatus. Science. [https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2021/02/01/science.abe6959.full] Koff, W. C., & Williams, M. A. (2020). Covid-19 and immunity in aging populations—a new research agenda. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(9), 804-805. [10.1056/NEJMp2006761] Mahase, E. (2020). Covid-19: Moderna vaccine is nearly 95% effective, trial involving high risk and elderly people shows. BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online), 371. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4471] Malik, A. A., McFadden, S. M., Elharake, J., & Omer, S. B. (2020). Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the US. EClinicalMedicine, 26, 100495. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100495] Matrajt, L., Eaton, J., Leung, T., & Brown, E. R. (2020). Vaccine optimization for COVID-19: who to vaccinate first?. medRxiv. [10.1101/2020.08.14.20175257] Morley, J. E., & Vellas, B. (2020). COVID-19 and older adult. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1349-9] Mueller, A. L., McNamara, M. S., & Sinclair, D. A. (2020). Why does COVID-19 disproportionately affect older people?. Aging (Albany NY), 12(10), 9959. [10.18632/aging.103344] Poudel, A., Lau, E. T., Deldot, M., Campbell, C., Waite, N. M., & Nissen, L. M. (2019). Pharmacist role in vaccination: Evidence and challenges. Vaccine, 37(40), 5939-5945. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.060] Reiter, P. L., Pennell, M. L., & Katz, M. L. (2020). Acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among adults in the United States: How many people would get vaccinated?. Vaccine, 38(42), 6500-6507. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.043] Reiter, P. L., Pennell, M. L., & Katz, M. L. (2020). Acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccine among adults in the United States: How many people would get vaccinated? Vaccine, 38(42), 6500-6507. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.043] Zhu, F. C., Guan, X. H., Li, Y. H., Huang, J. Y., Jiang, T., Hou, L. H., … & Chen, W. (2020). Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet, 396(10249), 479-488. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31605-6] INTRODUCTION Your introductory section will be 1-2 pages, double-spaced, 12pt Times New Roman font. It should begin with a centered, boldfaced heading: Introduction. Answer these questions: 1.What am I studying? •Establish the problem or issue you are researching by: •Highlighting the importance of the problem/issue •Making general statements about the problem/issue •Presenting an overview on current research into the problem/issue 2.Why is this topic important to investigate? •Why is it relevant? •What will it contribute to the field? •Why should we care about it? 3.What do we already know about this topic / What have other experts discovered about this topic? •What do we already know about the problem/issue? •Provide an overview into existing thought/research on the topic 4.How will my research advance new knowledge or new ways of understanding? •How will my research advance new knowledge or new ways of understanding? •Identify a gap in the research – problems or unresolved issues that your research can fill •“The previous research had mistakenly assumed that…” •“Although most experts in the field believe that…, they have overlooked…” •“None of the previous research has examined…” •Identify a research focus that will be useful Remember that although this is a longer introduction, it should still follow the “funnel” structure: move from general to specific. Your thesis statement should come near or at the end of this section. Chase Stein Professor Delong ENG 1102 23 March 2021 Introduction COVID-19 has been a major problem in the current year with the hospitals flooding with patients, this still did not come of much help because people round 65 and above are being vaccinated first. This is not right, and every person should be vaccinated taking into consideration the fact that corona virus has been attacking people from all age groups. The new strain of corona virus is even more dangerous and might lead to greater number of deaths. This aspect should be brought to light as the lives of the people are under danger. This paper would talk about the ways in which the vaccine is readily available for the older people as compared to the young adult who if not equally but are prone to get infected. It would also talk about the factors that influence the decision of taking the vaccine. This paper will thus prove how vaccines while it is important for all is mostly available to the old, aged people. The pandemic that was declared in the year 2020 was because of the ways in which the virus had been affecting people leading to several deaths. The virus while it mostly attacked those with weak immune system, others were also not safe. Therefore, the lockdown was imposed. When the vaccine was finally created it brought a wave of hope and relief as well. However, the vaccines are mostly provided to those people who are around the age of 65 (Mueller, McNamara & Sinclair, 2020). This decision is questionable mostly because even the young adults are prone to the disease although a little less than the old aged one’s. It is thus incorrect to vaccinate one section of people and not the rest of them. LITERATURE REVIEW The Literature Review section of your paper should be at least 3 pages long. It will cover the current conversation surrounding your topic. Format: 12pt Times New Roman font, double-spaced, with Literature Review in bold at the top center of the first page. No reference list is required at this time, but you MUST have in-text citations. Consult the Purdue OWL for specific in-text citation questions. Length: At least 3 pages. Organization: Identify a method of organization for your sources according to chronology, position on your topic, theme, etc. Review the Literature Review Resources under Course Content for ideas. Consult the models provided as well. Chase Stein Professor Delong ENG 1102 23 March 2021 Literature Review The first article by Reiter, Pennell & Katz which was published in the year 2020 mainly focuses on the views that people have towards vaccine (Reiter, Pennell & Katz, 2020). They conducted a survey to take the views of people regarding being vaccinated. The data provided by the author shows that most of the people depended on the opinions of the healthcare experts or if they felt like they could be infected anytime in the future (Mahase, 2020). The authors make use of facts and provide evidence for the claim made by the author. The paper tries to show that the outlook towards the COVID-19 vaccine depends greatly on the race and education of a person. People who are educated and open minded are more acceptant towards it. Those people who did not have sufficient education seemed to reject the idea of getting vaccinated. However, the entire process of vaccination should be monitored as they might lead to some chronic diseases. The nurses are supposed to be skilled. The patients mostly depend on the nurse for all their medicines and treatment (Poudel et al., 2019). It is after all one of the most important part of the healthcare experts’ job to monitor the fact that the vaccines do not backfire and make the situation worse for the patients who are taking the vaccine. The paper also discusses about the importance of vaccine and the reason behind people’s concern about taking the vaccine. The decision of taking the vaccine is also influenced by the political aspect. The authors of most of these articles have made use of scholarly articles as well as survey to develop their argument. The vaccine is provided mostly to the old, aged people and the reason for the same is provided by Koff & Williams in their article (Koff & Williams, 2020). The article talks about the way in which people around the age of 65 haver less immunity as compared to the young adults. This is the reason why they might be more vulnerable and thus it becomes important to restrict the spread of corona virus among the old people (Malik et al.,2020). However, the virus is spreading even among the young adults which needs to be curbed this as well is because the virus can be transmitted from young adults to old age people which would make it the same case as earlier (Bubar et al., 2021). It can thus be drawn that there are several factors that influence the decision of taking the vaccine or rejecting them all together. The importance of vaccines is based on the problem that the people have gone through since the pandemic was declared. People who thought that they might be affected by the virus seemed to be more open to the idea of getting vaccinated. The Education and race of the person also impacted their decision of getting vaccinated. Political aspects also directly influence this decision. The healthcare experts also monitor the effect that the vaccine has on the patients. Since the old, aged people are prone to getting the virus, they are vaccinated first. Thesis Section This section is the heart of your paper. Think of it as a mini argumentative essay: Introduction: paraphrase your thesis statement (circle back around; remind your reader of the main focus of your research)Body: main points of support for your thesis statement, with evidence, counterarguments, and refutationsConclusion: wrap up your argument Format: 1-2 pages long, double-spaced, with Thesis in bold at the top-center of the first page. You will need to cite your sources as evidence here, so in-text citations are important. A model student thesis section is posted under Course Content. Chase Stein Professor Delong ENG 1102 31 March 2021 Thesis The research paper centers around the topic of giving COVID 19 vaccine to the elderly people before the younger ones. This is to be noted that there was a huge debate on this topic to know as to why the older people must get the vaccines first and not the younger ones. It has been seen that the COVID 19 virus impacts the older people in a much faster rate than the young ones or the teenagers and the young adults. It is for this reason that all the doctors, hospitals and others are trying their level best to ensure that they can get the elder people vaccinated first to explore the opportunities of curing of the virus and the life expectancy. The opinion that it has been seen in almost all the different countries that the older people are at the risk of getting the disease at a much faster or rapid rate. This might help in understating the amount of curability that is being received by the vaccination. The COVID 19 virus has impacted many young children as well. It is for this reason that if the medical teams are only concerned about the old and the elderly people then they will not be able to provide protection to the children as children are equally affected by the disease. It is true that all the individuals irrespective of their age must be given a proper and complete protection against the COVID 19 vaccine. It is evident that in majorly affected parts of the world the old and the aged people have been affected due to this disease. It is because of this that vaccines are being made. However, there is a concern regarding the number of vaccines being produced as it is a time-consuming process. In addition to this the effect of the vaccines must be also examined as it is a very deadly virus and can multiply or mutate in a very fast manner. The vaccines were produced only by the target of 2021 and so it could not meet with the Universal or the bulk demand all at once. It is for this reason that the elderly people were vaccinated fits to see if the vaccines had any real impact as the older people already have the burden of weakness in immunity system. The young adults and the children are also at risk, but their immune system is well developed than those of the adult people. It must be noted that in Australia there have been many severe cases and about 90 percent of the deaths and majority of cases in the ICU have been among people who are above the age of 65. It is for this reason that the age limit for the vaccine was also made compulsory for people who are above the age of 55. Therefor it can be said that the COVID 19 vaccines must be injected to the elderly people first to explore the likely impact or curability and try to control the virus a bit. Eventually following thereafter, the vaccine will be circulated among all the other people of varying age groups (Fellow, K. (2021, January 14). Discussion Section This section is the conclusion of your paper. tie up loose endsinclude charts, images, or graphs pertinent to your findings (not required)discuss unexpected resultsidentify gaps or limitations in your researchpropose ideas for future research Format: 2-3 pages long, double-spaced, with Discussion in bold at the top-center of the first page. Cite your sources according to APA style guidelines.