1.What is the dominant theory called on the origin of the universe? Briefly describe.
2.What is the estimated age of our current universe?
3. Darwin and Wallace identified 3 basic ideas that were critical to evolutionary thinking. What were they?
4. What additional factor is necessary for microevolution (such as bacteria that become resistant to antibiotics) to result in macroevolution (such as an aquatic mammal losing its hind legs and acquiring flippers and evolving to manatees)?
5. Why are there no whole rocks (or fossils) on Earth that yield isotopic dates older than about 4 billion years?
6. When did the Hadean begin?
7. When did the Archean begin?
8. When did the Proterozoic begin?
9. When did the Proterozoic end?
10. What are the oldest definitive fossils? Name the geologic eon in which they are found.
11. What is biogenic carbon?
12. Which isotope of Carbon is favored by living organism?
13. Where was the oldest biogenic carbon found and how old was it? (also name the geologic period) What mineral was it found in?
14. What color was the ocean during the Archean? Why?
15. During the Archean, what was the composition of the atmosphere? What was the level of oxygen?
16. What caused the ocean to turn from green to red?
17. What are banded iron formations?
18. What happened to climate when oxygen left the ocean and moved into the atmosphere?
19. What was the Huronian glaciation (also called “Snowball Earth”)? What was the effect on life of this glaciation and the change to chemistry in oceans and atmosphere?
20. After the glacial event subsided, and more oxygen moved into the atmosphere, what also developed in the atmosphere? How is this beneficial to organisms?
21. From the book, at the end of the Proterozoic, a large landmass (a supercontinent) developed called ____.
22. What causes the green in plants today?
23. Why didn’t organisms evolve to use the abundant green wavelength emitted from the sun?
24. What is the purple Earth hypothesis?
25. Did these early organisms use oxygen?
26. When did life begin on Earth?
27. When did “animals” begin on Earth?
28. What was the Cambrian extinction event?
29. How can a living thing disappear from the fossil record and then turn up later alive (Lazarus taxa)?
30. Are all living things eventually fossilized? Why or why not?
31. When did the Paleozoic Era begin? When did it end?
32. What are the 7 periods, from oldest to youngest, in the Paleozoic?
33. What is the Cambrian explosion?
34. What did life look like at the beginning of the Paleozoic?
35. During the Cambrian, how did organisms evolve?
36. When did the first land plants evolve? What were they like?
37. In the Silurian, how did plants evolve?
38. The Devonian is sometimes called the Age of ____, because of their abundance and diversity in the ocean.
39. The first insects evolved during the ____.
40. The first tetrapod land animals (amphibians) evolved during the _____.
41. What did the Carboniferous ecosystem look like?
42. The development of the ___ , during the ______, allowed animals to break their ties with water and fully occupy all land ecosystems.
43. Plants developed ____, during the ______, which allowed them to break their ties with water and fully occupy all land ecosystems.
44. By the end of the Permian, a huge land mass had formed called _____.
45. What was the effect on ecosystems of the formation of Pangaea?
46. The greatest mass extinction event in the history of the Earth, when over 95% of marine species as well with the 70% loss of terrestrial species disappeared, occurred at the end of the____.
47. What was the cause of this extinction event?
48. From the book, the formation of Pangaea is associated with the _____ Orogeny.
49. The Alleghanian orogeny was the final stage in the development of the _______ Mountains.
50. When did the Mesozoic begin?
51. Were there marine reptiles in the Mesozoic?
52. When did mammals begin to diversify? Give the Geologic period.
53. What are the Deccan Traps?
54. Where did the giant asteroid strike?
55. What is the K-PG extinction? (also called the K-T event or boundary)
56. Birds are related to which dinosaurs?
57. Which extinction event was worst, the one at the end of the Paleozoic or the one at the end of the Mesozoic?
58. When did the Cenozoic begin?
59. What was the climate like at the beginning of the Cenozoic?
60. During the Cenozoic, was the climate very stable?
61. When did the new habitat, grassland, appear?
62. At the beginning of the Miocene, continents began to shift and created mountain chains. Name 3.
63. When were the ancestors of humans established?
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