HLTC27 Summer 2021 – 1
HLTC27: Community Health and Epidemiology
Summer 2021
Week 11 Tutorial – Worksheet
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Note: Some of these practice questions to facilitate a course review are based on or adapted from textbook questions:
Fletcher, Robert H., Suzanne W. Fletcher, and Grant S. Fletcher. Clinical epidemiology: the essentials. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012.
Kelsey, Jennifer L., et al. Methods in observational epidemiology. Monographs in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1996.
Gordis, Leon. Epidemiology (5th ed.). Elsevier Saunders, 2014.
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QUESTIONS
City Z has a population of 100,000 on January 1, 1990, of which 50% are males and 50% are females. In this city, 2200 women and 2500 men have been diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Between January 2, 1990 and December 31, 1990, 50 women and 61 men become diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. The population remains the same during this period (i.e., 100,000 with same male/female distribution).
What is the prevalence of cardiovascular disease on January 1, 1990 among women?
What is the prevalence of cardiovascular disease between January 2, 1990 and December 31, 1990?
What is the incidence of cardiovascular disease in men over the timeframe of January 2, 1990 to December 31, 1990?
All of the following statements are true about both prospective and retrospective cohort studies EXCEPT:
They measure incidence of disease directly.
They allow assessment of possible associations between exposure and many diseases.
They allow investigators to decide beforehand what data to collect.
They avoid bias that might occur if measurement of exposure is made after the outcome of interest is known.
They can be biased due to differential loss to follow-up.
All of the following are important criteria when making causal inferences EXCEPT:
Coherence with existing knowledge
Dose-response relationship
Consistency of association in several studies
Strength of association
Predictive value
What type(s) of bias would we be most concerned about when studying survival among screen detected cancers in an observational study? (Select all that apply)
a. recall bias
b. lead time bias
c. length time bias
d. selection bias
In reference to the diagram below, what best describes “A” based on Rothman’s framework for causation?
Sufficient cause
Component cause
Necessary cause
None of the above
As an epidemic spreads in a closed population, the number of susceptibles will:
Increase
Decrease
Stabilize
What are the strengths and limitations of case-control studies?
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