Read the DB post below and reply with 500 words. Please find a statement in paragraphs 2 and paragraph 3 that you can agree or disagree with. Please provide 2 peer reviewed or scholarly references that support your statements. Ive included the original article from this discussion. A GEM of a Study.
What are the independent and dependent variables in this study?
In the case study, the question is asked “What government policies and initiatives are most likely to generate high levels of entrepreneurial activity? Which are positively correlated with the economic well-being of a country as measured by the growth in GDP and job formation?” Through that question one can identify the independent and dependent variables as defined by Schindler (2019, p15). The dependent variable is the objective of manipulation to the independent variable. In the questions posed, the government policies and initiatives that are associated with economic growth are the independent variable. The dependent variable is entrepreneurial activity. The case study is trying to establish which policies and initiatives need to be manipulated to affect entrepreneurial activity. In discussion of the GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) Martinex-Gonzalez et al. (2021) identify entrepreneurial intention as the dependent variable. They also identify contextual factors as the independent variable. They are, however, not analyzing the specific case study so focus on more general variables.
What are some of the intervening, extraneous, and moderating variables that the study attempted to control with its 10-nation design?
The case study picked ten nations to perform their study in to create a pool of data that could be compared. The comparison of this pool allows the researchers to highlight differences and see those play out in each circumstance. They are engaging in sample design in order to modulate the effects of intervening, extraneous, and moderating variables. According to Schindler (2019) they are defining a target population.
The researchers chose countries that differed from one another in their “framework conditions, entrepreneurial sectors, business dynamics, and economic growth.” By choosing ten nations, the researchers can compare and contrast the data from each country to determine if the extraneous variables are affecting the results. According to Rehman and Alharthi (2016, p54) “researchers try to control extraneous variables with two or more groups being subjected to the same conditions with the only difference being the independent variable.” By using ten nations the researchers will be able to form groups of like countries and isolate extraneous variables.
Can you do a causal study without controlling intervening, extraneous, and moderating variables?
In order to preform causal study, in particular causal-predictive study, variables not being manipulated need to be held constant (Schindler, 2019, p79). If variables are not held constant, reliable data will not be collected and the validity of the findings would not be justified. Karvanen, (2015) stipulates that study design is of upmost importance when collecting information. “It is therefore crucial to take study design into account in the estimation of causal effect” (Karvanen, 2015). In the example of the case study, if the researchers did not carefully select countries they may introduce a moderating or control variable that skews results for a country. That skew could lead to a conclusion that is not necessarily true.
What is the impact on study results of using national experts (key informants) to identify and weight entrepreneurial framework conditions?
According to Schindler (2019, p58), industry experts are a valuable resource during the research process. They are often able to provide substantiation for trends, information on where to look for data, more background context for the questions being asked, and interpretations for the researcher. For the GEM study, utilizing national experts will help ensure the data is accurate for each country. The experts would also be able to function as points of contact to obtain the desired information. The study does say the data was collected by professional survey companies, however, the national experts would have a better understanding of where to get key reliable information. They would potentially be able to conduct their own small research sample to ensure the data coming from their country was accurate. Merkley (2020) points out that expert opinion can also lend a persuasiveness to information that is being presented. This is especially true when the opinion is in consensus with other experts. For the GEM study, if the experts from the different nations all agree, the findings will carry more weight with the public.
Can you do a causal study when much of the primary data collected is descriptive positions and ordinal or interval data?
During any research, data collection design is an important step in being able to process and interpret the information. Data collection can have a big impact on how easy or hard it is to make findings within the data. The collection process can be designed in such a way as to allow easy interpretation. In order to use ordinal or interval data, preparation and analysis must be performed on the data to enable more traditional statistical analysis. According to Schindler (2019) data analysis is a process of filtering data and describing it in useful ways. One would look for patterns and relationships in the responses. Once patterns and relationships are established a causal argument can be made.
Jugder (2016) describes preforming a study in which qualitative analysis was to be performed with a thematic approach. The author states that thematic analysis is commonly used to evaluate interviews. The author argues that thematic analysis is used to identify, analyses, and report patterns within data. Judger (2016) also explains that when analyzing the data the researcher will have to identify specific themes in responses from the interviews. After themes are identified, information can be categorized and tabulated. Utilizing ordinal, interval, and descriptive data involves work upfront, but it is useful for causal study.
A researcher does need to be careful during this analysis stage to preserve the integrity of the data. It is one of the ethical responsibilities a researcher has according to Schindler (2019, p29). Christians are also commanded not to lie in Exodus when recounting the Ten Commandments (The ESV Study Bible, 2008, Exodus 20:16). All Christians are representatives of Christ to others and should live in a truthful manner that honors other people and God.
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