1.What is cardiac output (C.O.) and what is its relation to heart rate (HR) (aka cardiac rate) (definition of HR?) and stroke volume (SV) (definition of SV?)? 2. How does the autonomic division (sympathetic vs. parasympathetic divisions) affect HR? 3. What happens to CO, HR, and SV during exercise? Create a concept map or explain in words how HR and SV are regulated to alter CO during excise. Consider the following as you create your concept map: a. How does the sympathoadrenal system directly control HR and how does it directly affect HR stroke volume? b. What is the Frank-Starling Law? What happens to SV, as EDV (end diastolic volume) increases, and WHY? c. What is venous return, how does it relate to EDV, what happens to venous return (and EDV) with exercise? Name and explain the three mechanisms by which venous return is increased during exercise. 4. What is peripheral resistance, what causes it, and how does peripheral resistance affect SV? 5. What is atherosclerosis? How does atherosclerosis develop and what are the complications that can develop due to atherosclerosis? 6. Create a table to show how blood pressure is affected by cardiac output, cardiac rate, stroke volume, blood volume, and peripheral resistance. Blood flow 7. Describe how blood viscosity and blood vessel diameter (radius) affect blood flow. Which of the two factors is the major way that the body regulates blood flow and the % of blood reaching different body parts? 8. Create a table or explain in words how vasoconstriction and vasodilation affect the blood flow and pressure into the tissue following the arteriole and elsewhere in the body. 9. Match the following body parts viscera (digestive system, kidney)/skin; brain; heart; skeletal muscle to the correct statement about blood flow: a. Can best withstand temporary reductions in blood flow; b. requires fairly constant flow rate; c. needs constant blood supply but has variable blood flow; d. blood flow varies, especially with exercise. 10. Create a concept map or explain in words to describe the external and local control of blood distribution during exercise. Include the following: a. What happens to blood distribution with exercise in the active skeletal muscle versus the viscera? b. How does the sympathoadrenal system affect arteriole diameter in different parts of the body (skeletal muscle vs. viscera) and how does that lead to changes in blood flow to those regions? c. What happens to the levels of each of the following metabolites during exercise and how does that affect arteriole diameter and blood flow: O2, CO2, and pH? 11. How does temperature affect arteriole diameter? 12. How is arteriole diameter regulated in the brain? What is meant by myogenic control? What happens to arteriole diameter when blood pressure increases or decreases in the brain? 13. How is blood flow regulated locally during the inflammation response? What is the signal molecule and what does it do arterioles and blood flow? Blood pressure 14. Draw a flow chart or explain in words the negative feedback mechanism involved in regulating blood pressure. Include the specific name of the sensor, the part of the brain involved in integration, the specific branch of the autonomic division involved if BP is too high versus too low, specific effectors (targets) and the response(s). Blood: 15. Create a labeled diagram or a concept map to learn the composition of the blood. Include and define the following terms: plasma (%?), formed elements (%), erythrocytes/RBCs (function?), leukocytes/WBCs (function?), platelets/thrombocytes (function?); and include where the following would be found: ions, glucose, amino acids, wastes like urea, hormones, albumin, antibodies, and fibrinogen. 16. Define hemostasis and describe the process of hemostasis. Include the roles of platelets, and clotting factors like thrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin. 17. Create a table or flashcards to list the role and special features of each of the types of immune cells we discussed in class: neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, B cells, and T cells. 18. We discussed two types of common blood tests: What is a CBC test and what information can it provide? What is a BMP (basic metabolic panel) and what information can it provide? 19. What is the function and structure of hemoglobin, and where is hemoglobin found? 20. What is erythropoietin (EPO) and what is it’s role? 21. What is polycythemia vs. anemia? Explain some causes and the impact of each. 22. What is jaundice? Include the following in your explanation: What is the relationship between bilirubin and jaundice? Where does bilirubin come from? What can cause jaundice? 23. Create diagrams, a table, or describe in words to learn the 8 major blood types. For each blood type, state the antigens they have on the surface of their RBCs and the antibodies they have in their plasma, and who they could donate to and who they could receive blood from. 24. What happens with blood incompatibilities? Consider both with blood transfusions and pregnancy. ALL THESE QUESTIONS MUST BE ANSWERED HANDWRITTEN
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