THIS IS PART ONE 1. What is the lymphatic system and what does it do? 2. What is edema and what are the different ways that it can develop? Immune System 3. Create flashcards or define the following terms: pathogen, innate immunity, acquired immunity. 4. Create a concept map or flashcards to describe your first line of defense, second line of defense, and third line of defense. Include relevant parts (e.g. skin, mucous membranes), substances (mucous, HCl, sweat, etc), cells (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, B cells, T cells), proteins (complement, interferons, antibodies) and processes (inflammation). Label which are part of the innate immunity and which are part of the acquired immunity. 5. Describe the process of inflammation. Include what triggers it, the role of histamine and its two effects on blood vessels, and the associated signs and symptoms, and the ultimate purpose of inflammation. 6. Define antigen and explain the relationship to B cells, T cells and antibodies. 7. Compare and contrast B cells and T cells. 8. Compare and contrast your primary and secondary immune responses. Include what triggers each, the relative speed and strength of the response, the types and subtypes of cells involved, whether or not you typically get sick with each. What accounts for the differences between the primary and secondary response? 9. Compare and contrast active vs. passive immunity and provide examples of each. 10. Explain how vaccines work, describe herd immunity and explain why vaccination is important to public health. THIS IS PART 2 Respiratory System Structure and Mechanics: 1. Create a flow chart or describe in words the pathway that air takes to the lungs and the structures within the lungs. Which are involved in conduction and which is involved in gas exchange? 2. What features of the alveoli and capillaries promote gas exchange? 3. Create a flow chart or describe in words what happens to the diaphragm, lung volume, intrapulmonary pressure as compared to atmospheric pressure and direction of air movement during inhalation versus during exhalation. 4. Make a table or concept map (or describe in words) to compare how distensibility/ compliance, elasticity, surface tension and surfactant “promote” or “inhibit” inhalation vs. exhalation. 5. What is pulmonary surfactant, what types of cells secrete it and how does it work? 6. How does bronchiole diameter affect airflow? How do asthma, bronchitis, and COPD affect bronchiole diameter? Gas exchange: 7. Explain in words or create a diagram to describe gas exchange in the lungs versus in the tissues. Include the relative concentrations (high or low) of PO2 and PCO2 in each location (alveoli vs. lung capillaries & in the tissues cells vs. tissue capillaries) and the direction that oxygen and carbon dioxide move in lungs versus the tissues. Oxygen transport: 8. Draw a diagram or explain in words oxygen transport. Include the molecule that transports, it how many O2 molecules it can bind, describe the loading and unloading reactions and state where each reaction occurs. 9. Describe in words how PO2 levels, pH, and temperature affect the affinity between O2 and Hb, and therefore O2 unloading in the tissue. Carbon dioxide transport: 10. Describe CO2 transport in the blood, and explain the relationship between CO2 levels and blood pH. Include the reversible chemical reactions relating carbon dioxide, water, carbonic acid, hydrogen ions and bicarbonate (use both chemical symbols and write out the names of the molecules). Draw arrows to show which way the reaction will go if CO2 levels increase or decrease, and if the plasma becomes acidic or basic. 11. How does the body compensate for conditions of acidosis vs. alkalosis and what are the two major organ systems involved in regulating blood pH? Regulation of breathing: 12. How are breathing rate and blood pH levels regulated? Describe the negative feedback mechanism including the stimuli, name of sensor, parts of the brain involved, effector and response. Note that carbon dioxide and pH (and NOT O2) the primary regulators of respiration. PLEASE MAKE SURE TO NUMBER THE QUESTIONS TO MAKE THEM CLEAR AND HANDWRITTEN ONLY!!
