1. In Assignment 3 you listed potential covariates that were measured by the researchers. Which of these are potential confounders and why? How did the researchers control for these in the design and/or analysis phase of their study? Can you hypothesize the potential direction of confounding of one or more of these variables? Is there evidence of noncomparability due to confounders in the reported results?

1. In Assignment 3 you listed potential covariates that were measured by the researchers. Which of these are potential confounders and why? How did the researchers control for these in the design and/or analysis phase of their study? Can you hypothesize the potential direction of confounding of one or more of these variables? Is there evidence of noncomparability due to confounders in the reported results?

2. Think back to your discussion of your study population from Assignment 2. Is there any evidence of potential selection bias and did the researchers take any steps to minimize it as the study was being conducted? If your study included a sample of a source population, do the participants differ in any meaningful way from the non-participants? In a cohort study or randomized controlled trial, are the people who remained in the study different from the people who dropped out? In a case-control study, are the cases and controls sampled from the same source population? Look to see if there is information in one of the tables presented in your paper to inform your response. If you believe there is the potential for selection bias in your study, in what direction do you hypothesize that it may bias the results (be sure to explain your thinking). Did the researchers take steps to deal with it analytically?

3. Finally, recall how your exposure and outcome were measured from Assignment 3. Were precautions taken to avoid misclassification? Is it possible that misclassification may still be a problem? If so, would you classify it as differential or nondifferential?
Can you predict the direction of the potential bias?

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